THOMASS  I^ILMSVL-^ 
VANIA.    AND    WEST 


'SI  ]:<  \V 


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OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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F  e:nt^  s  YxvAi^TA^wAV  EST  J  i:rsey 


THOMAS'S 

PENNSYLVANIA  AND 

WEST  NEW  JERSEY 


;f- 


V 


Of  this  edition,  two  hundred 
and  fifty  copies  have  been 
printed,  and  the  type  distrib- 
uted.     This  is 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF 

PENNSYLVANIA    AND 
WEST    NEW    JERSEY 

BY  GABRIEL  THOMAS 


Reprinted  from  the  original  edition  of  1698 


With  Introduction  by 
CYRUS   TOWNSEND  BRADY,   LL.D, 


^^¥y 


CLEVELAND 

Thk  Burrows  Brothers  Company 

1903 


COPYRIUHT,    1903 
BY 

The  Burrows  Brothers  Company 


9l|r  intfirrial  lfirt»B 

ClKVEIANI) 


F 

152 

no3 


INTRODUCTION 


Gabriel  Thomas's  historical  account,  or  geo- 
graphical description  of  "Pensilvania  and  of 
West-New- Jersey,"  is  a  very  scarce  book  and 
difficult  to  secure  in  its  original  edition.  There 
are  a  number  of  copies  in  existence  but  they  are 
jealously  held  in  libraries  and  collections  and  are 
not  to  be  had.  There  is  a  rapidly  increasing 
demand  for  the  book  by  collectors  which  naturally 
produces  a  corresponding  scarcity.  The  price  of 
the  few  perfect  copies  that  have  been  offered  for 
sale  lately  has  appreciated  in  a  remarkable  degree, 
and  the  startling  advance  from  one  dollar  to  over 
one  thousand  dollars,  which  has  taken  place  in 
less  than  one  hundred  years,  shows,  as  nothing 
else  could,  the  increasing  interest  taken  in  mate- 
rial of  this  kind  by  libraries  and  collectors, 
private  or  public. 

In  the  following  account  the  sales,  unless  specif- 
ically stated,  were  held  in  America.  Probably 
some  of  the  sales  recorded  were  re-sales  of  the 
same  examples. 

The  early  English  records,  more  or  less  imper- 
fect at  first,  show  that,  at  the  Heath  sale  in  April- 


1268081 


r      N       T      R       O       D       U       C       T      I       O       N 

May,  IHIO,  an  original  copy  brought  ten  shillings 
and  aixpen('e;  atoneof  Clialmers's  walesin  1841-42, 
the  price  was  thirteen  yhillingis;  at  the  Brighton 
sale  in  March,  1S45,  sixteen  shillings;  and  that 
Willis  and  Sotheran  sold  a  copy  in  IIS()2  for  three 
pounds  and  ten  shillings. 

Sabin  sold  a  copy  in  March,  lcS78,  for  $30(); 
a  second  copy  offered  a  year  later  brought  the 
same  amount;  in  November,  1875,  a  slightly 
defective  (;opy  was  sold  for  $12(1  at  the  Menzies 
sale;  at  the  Brinley  sale  in  1880  three  copies 
were  disposed  of  for  $150,  $1(M),  and  $B5  respec- 
tively, the  difference  in  price  being  due  to  the 
style  of  binding  and  the  (condition  of  the  several 
examples.  In  1884,  at  the  sale  of  the  Murphy 
collection,  the  price  had  fallen  to  $74;  at  the 
Barlow  sale  in  1890  it  had  risen  to  $190;  at  the 
Ives  sale  in  1891,  $2fM)  was  realized  for  an 
unusually  fine  copy.  In  England  in  1898  at  the 
Simon  sale  the  price  was  /81,  and  in  1895,  Sotheby 
sold  one  for  IM  lO.s.  In  America  again  in  1896 
three  copies  were  sold  for  $2rK),  $195,  and 
$190  respectively;  but  in  1897  the  price  fell  to 
$145.  At  the  Ashburton  sale  in  England  in 
19fX),  a  copy  in  the  original  half  binding  brought 
the  record  pri('e  of  />t>2.  At  the  McKee  sale  on 
June  12,  1902,  an  exquisite  example  brought 
$805  whicli  is  the  record  auction  price  at  the 
present  date.     At  the  Leffei-ts  sale  in  England  on 

—  6  — 


INTRODUCTION 

June  17,  1902,  a  fine  but  not  quite  a  perfect  copy 
brought  ;^109.  This  copy  was  bound  by  David  in 
full  green  levant  tooled  to  a  Derome  (so  called 
from  the  name  of  a  famous  French  binder)  pattern, 
doubled  with  blue  levant,  having  a  richly  gilt 
heavy  border,  back  and  edges  gilt,  in  a  solander 
case  of  green  levant.  With  the  exception  of 
the  McKee  copy  this  is  the  finest  copy  known. 
Its  only  imperfections  are  that  the  title-page  and 
several  other  leaves  have  been  slightly  mended. 
This  spring  the  McKee  copy  mentioned  above  was 
sold  by  Mr.  George  H.  Richmond  of  New  York 
at  private  sale  for  $1,050,  an  advance  of  $245 
over  the  price  of  the  preceding  year.  This  copy 
is  thus  described : 

Small  8vo;  full  crushed  dark  crimson  levant  morocco,  floriated 
borders  on  sides,  with  doublure  of  green  crushed  levant  morocco, 
broad  gold  borders,  by  Francis  Bedford.  Enclosed  in  a  morocco 
slip  case. 

This  is,  I  think,  the  finest  copy  known.  It  is  in 
"  superb  condition,  most  of  the  leaves  being  uncut, 
while  it  is  sound  and  clean  throughout." 

There  are  original  examples  in  the  British 
Museum  and  the  Library  of  Congress;  in  the 
Libraries  of  the  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  His- 
torical Societies ;  the  Lenox  Library  of  New  York 
City;  the  Watkinson  Library  of  Hartford,  Conn. ; 
the  New  York  State  Library  at  Albany;  the 
Library    of    Harvard    College    (two  copies);  the 

—  7  — 


INTRODUCTION 

Library  of  the  Boston  Athenasum;  the  Advo- 
cates' Library  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland;  the 
Heath  collection  of  J>.ondon,  England;  the 
John  Carter  Brown  Library  of  Providence,  R.  I. ; 
the  E.  Dwight  Church  collection  and  the  Phila- 
delphia Library  (two  copies).  Without  doubt 
there  are  other  examples  also  in  different  public 
libraries  and  private  collections  in  America  and 
England.  Strange  to  say,  the  New  Jersey  His- 
torical Society  has  no  original  copy. 

The  book  was  reissued  in  a  rather  indifferently 
executed  facsimile  in  1848  for  Henry  Austin 
Brady,  a  counsellor-at-law  and  a  member  of  the 
New  York  Historical  Society.  Six  copies  in  folio 
were  printed  of  this  edition  and  at  least  one  small 
quarto  on  blue  writing-paper.  In  the  Lenox 
Library  of  New  York  all  states  of  the  Brady 
reprint  appear  —  the  small  octavo,  which  is  the  size 
of  the  original  volume,  the  quarto,  mentioned 
above,  and  the  large  folio.  Watson  quotes  (im- 
perfectly and  incorrectly)  the  portion  relating  to 
Pennsylvania  in  his  Antuds  of  Phihideljihin^  and 
also  states  that  the  book  was  published  in  fac- 
simile in  185-  by  J.  W.  Moore  of  Philadelphia,  and 
that  the  reprint  was  very  scarce  in  1857.  I  have 
never  seen  it.  Watson  perhaps  refers  to  the  Brady 
reprint.  This  portion  has  also  been  reprinted  in 
pamphlet  form  in  the  Liht^rtij  Hell  Lra/lcfs,  published 
by  Christopher  Sower  Co.,  Philadelphia,  1900. 


INTRODUCTION 

The  portion  relating  to  Pennsylvania  only  was 
translated  into  German  in  1702.  This  translation 
was  bound  up  with  Francis  Daniel  Pastorius's 
Beschreihung  der  Provintz  Pensylvanm,  published  at 
Leipsic  in  1704.  I  have  not  discovered  any  other 
translations  or  reissues  of  the  book. 

Copies  of  the  Brady  reprint  are  offered  occa- 
sionally and  may  be  had  for  comparatively  small 
amounts,  although  they  are  becoming  rare  and 
the  price  is  increasing. 

Little  is  known  of  the  personality  of  the  author 
save  what  may  be  gathered  from  his  book.  He 
lived  in  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  between 
1682  and  1697  and  he  was  a  Quaker.  The  book 
was  probably  written  in  England.  A  person  of 
his  name  was  again  in  Pennsylvania  in  1702,  an 
applicant  for  a  commission  as  collector  of  quit 
rents  in  New  Castle  County.  As  is  seen  from  his 
book  he  inveighed  against  George  Fox  in  1697-98, 
and  in  1702  sided  against  Penn  with  Colonel 
Quarry. 

The  variety  and  extent  of  his  information,  the 
general  accuracy  of  his  statements,  the  simplicity 
and  clearness  of  his  style,  the  pleasing  quaintness 
of  his  several  addresses  to  the  reader,  the  admi- 
rable brevity  with  which  he  has  discussed  the 
subjects  he  has  allotted  to  himself,  the  absence  in 
the  main  of  all  exaggeration,  the  avoidance  of  the 

—  9  — 


INTRODUCTION 

legendary  absurdities  with  which  most  travelers' 
tales  of  the  period  abound  —  have  all  conduced  to 
render  his  book  a  classic*  of  its  kind.  It  has  been 
quoted  again  and  again  by  variouis  authorities, 
and  always  with  approbation,  in  spite  of  its  one 
fault,  the  pardonable  extravagance  of  an  advocate 
whose  affections  are  deeply  engaged  in  the  cause 
for  which  he  pleads. 

One  statement  has  often  been  pointed  out  as  in- 
dicative either  of  misrepresentation  or  inaccuracy 
on  the  part  of  the  author;  that  is  in  the  reference 
on  page  46  to  the  "Noble  Town-House  or  Guild- 
Hall"  as  having  been  lately  built.  *  This  building 
was  not  erectexi  until  1707.  On  page  56  Thomas 
plainly  indicates  that  he  was  writing  in  England 
in  the  year  1697  ("but  now  the  year  1697,"  etc.), 
which  agrees  with  the  date  of  the  publication  of 
the  volume,  1698.  Attempts  have  been  made  to 
explain  this  discrepancy  by  sui-mising  that  suc- 
cessive editions  were  issued,  all  bearing  the  same 
original  date,  in  which  at  the  proper  time  the 
reference  to  the  new  town  hall  was  inserted  by 
some  alien  hand.  I  suppose  rather  that  in  this 
instance  Thomas  drew  upon  his  imagination  and 
recorded  that  which  was  to  be  as  a(;tually  having 
been  done.  As  early  as  1688  Penn  wrote  that  he 
feared  the  little  Letitia  House,  which  was  used 
as  the  provincial  state-house,  wajs  too  contracted 

*A11  page  references  are  to  this  present  edition. 
—  lO  — 


INTRODUCTION 

for  such  a  purpose,  and  suggesting  the  erection 
of  a  larger  and  more  suitable  building.  Thomas 
may  have  had  this  suggestion  in  mind  when 
he  wrote. 

Another  error  is  found  on  page  47;  where  he 
refers  to  the  Chestnut  Street  Wharf  the  context 
shows  plainly  that  he  means  the  Arch  Street 
Wharf.  These  are  small  and  unimportant  blem- 
ishes; not  many  books  are  so  fortunate  in  escaping 
with  so  few. 

There  are  several  things  in  his  pages  to  which 
it  seems  advisable  specifically  to  call  attention 
here.  The  first  is  the  delicious  if  unconscious 
humor  of  the  testimony  on  pages  49-51  as  to 
the  qualities  of  the  children  and  the  enviable 
condition  of  the  mothers  in  Pennsylvania,  which 
certainly  showed  that  there  was  no  thought  of 
race  suicide  in  that  province  in  those  days.  I 
question  whether  under  the  changed  conditions 
of  the  present  his  statements  would  prove  a  recom- 
mendation to  young  married  folk  starting  in  life; 
but  they  certainly,  if  results  be  a  criterion,  must 
have  presented  fascinating  allurements  to  the  emi- 
grants of  the  past. 

Indeed  the  genial  author  might  well  argue  why 
should  not  people  have  large  families  in  such  an 
earthly  paradise  as  he  describes  Pennsylvania  — 
and  incidentally  West  New  Jersey  —  to  have 
been ;  a  claim  which  the  sons  ot  those  two  famous 

—  II  — 


INTRODUCTION 

states  are  quite  zealous  to  maintain,  perhaps  in 
more  moderate  language  but  witli  no  less  vigor  and 
enthusiasm  even  today.  The  v^rhole  situation  is 
respectfully  commended  to  President  Roosevelt, 
who  has  the  subject  much  at  heart,  that  by 
studying  this  glorious  past  he  may  find  further 
inspiration  with  which  to  encourage  the  future. 

The  second  especially  interesting  feature  of  the 
book  is  the  account  —  unfortunately  but  too  brief 
of  the  aborigines  with  whom  Penn  made  his  famous 
Treaty.  These  Indians  were  of  the  Lenni-Lenape 
tribe,  a  branch  of  the  great  Algonquin  family, 
known  to  the  English  colonists  as  the  Delawares. 
The  word  Lenni-Lenape  may  be  freely  rendered 
as  "the  men  of  men,''  or  as  "we  men."  There 
is  a  touch  of  savage  arrogance  in  the  title  as  if 
one  tribe  should  say  of  itself  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  less  favored  tribes,  "We,  the  people." 
Those  on  the  Pennsylvania  side  of  the  Delaware 
were  known  as  the  Unamis,  those  on  the  Jersey 
side  as  the  Unalachtigos. 

The  language  of  these  Indians  was  rather  a 
difficult  one  for  the  white  settlers  to  master  in  its 
purity.  William  Penn  writes,  "1  have  made  it 
my  business  to  understand  it  that  1  might  not 
want  an  interpreter  on  any  occasion."  Judging 
from  the  specimens  contained  in  this  book,  taken 
in  connection  with  other  specimens  which  have 
been  preserved,   and  contrasting  them  with  the 

12  


INTRODUCTION 

language  of  the  remnants  of  the  Delawares  now 
in  existence,  Doctor  Brinton  concludes  that  what 
William  Penn  learned  and  what  Thomas  has 
recorded  was  a  "trader's  jargon  which  scorned 
etymology,  syntax,  and  prosody,  and  was  about 
as  near  pure  Lenape  as  pigeon -English  is  to  the 
periods  of  Macaulay ! " 

The  dialect  was  a  stumbling-block  to  the  com- 
positor of  1698  also,  for  in  the  original  no  equiva- 
lents are  provided  for  the  second  answer  and  the 
third  question,  on  page  69.  The  dialogue  recorded 
is  interesting  in  one  particular,  for  it  contains 
one  of  the  first  appearances  in  print  of  what  has 
become  one  of  our  common  English  words,  and 
the  reader  may  see  the  inaccuracy  of  Thomas's  re- 
cension when  he  considers  that  the  word  weekin 
is  evidently  intended  for  wickwam  which  is  the 
modern  word  "wigwam!" 

The  third  point  worthy  of  notice  is  in  the  invalu- 
able account  of  the  wages  prevailing  in  the  colony 
on  pages  40-44.  And  as  the  statement  is  made 
that  they  are  about  three  times  greater  than  the 
amounts  paid  for  the  same  service  in  the  mother 
country,  they  throw  considerable  light  upon  the 
labor  conditions  in  England  as  well.  The  colony 
was  a  delectable  place  for  all  sorts  and  conditions 
of  men,  saving  lawyers  and  physicians,  whose 
fortunes  languished  because  it  was  both  peaceable 
and  healthy  to  an  unusual  degree ! 

—  13  — 


INTRODUCTION 

It  is  perhaps  hardly  necessary  to  note  that  the 
' '  Cotton ' '  in  the  veins  of  the  ' '  Salamander-Stone ' ' 
to  which  Thomas  refers  on  page  30  is  evidently 
asbestos. 

To  sum  up,  the  enthusiastic  author  so  describes 
the  countries  to  which  he  wishes  to  attract  that 
emigration  of  "the  Idle,  the  Sloathful,  and  the 
Vagabonds  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland" 
which  we  feel  quite  sure  would  not  be  best 
designed  to  occupy  it  after  all,  and  so  paints  the 
conditions  as  he  sees  them,  that  we  are  reminded 
of  a  famous  line  from  Lalla  Rookh : 

And  oh !     If  there  be  an  elysium  on  earth, 
It  is  this,  it  is  this. 

Cyrus  Townsend  Bbady. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  November  i,  1903. 


H 


THOMAS'S  PENNSYLVANIA 
AND  WEST  NEW  JERSEY 

LONDON  :   A.  BALDWIN 
1698 


Title-pages,  map,  and  text  reprinted  from  a  copy 

of  the  original  edition  in  the  Lenox 

Library,  New  York  City. 


OF     THE 

PROVINCE  and  COUNTPv^ 

OF 


sPE.NSILVANlA 

A  N  p    O  F 

Wejl-^'New-Jerfsy 

AME 


I  N 


The  Riehncfs  of  the  Soil,  the  .S-veetricii  cf  (Jie  .Situation, 
the  Whnfefomnefs  of  fhe  Air,  the  Navigable  Rivi-is,  and 
others,  ihe  prodigioujEriCre.!r<r  of  Corn,  the  ilouri(h:n.>' 
Condifion  of  the  City  of  P«;/.?rtV.'/v&/;x,  wi[h  the  ftately. 
Buildings,  ari(iiitHherImprovftrfnts  there.  The  llr^n/jc 
Creatures.  ^iQrr^i,  Beads.  Ph£:cs.  an^  rcw:j,  wirhfhc 
feveral  forts  o*^  Minerals,  Pti^thf^K^^uts,  r.id  Seocjt 
htdy  fiifcovercd  The  Kin:\'s,  Alo^^rr.cs  rhc:r  /  ^  .- 
..f'^Age,  I{e'ip!>n^  Laws,  and  Cujiorn/)  Tlic  t;rit  f-;.  •  v? 
tjjeOwfc/',  ^.r^*-*^/,  .tkI    En^/,/h,  with  the  nii;r')-.      ' 

/  itslnhnbit.inis,  Ai;ilfo  a  Touch  upon  Gffif'r  :    .. 
I^enf  PyeitZ'cn  ,   in  h:j  frcond  Chmpt  f?"ce^  - 
S>Ji  .^  f'  (■:  VJ 


WUIja^:! 


:  V :  \vIio  refidcd  there  :ib 


^  nOMAS 


Lyndon^  Prni:::! 


THE 
DEDICATION. 

Friend  William  Penn, 

I  Here  present  Thee  with  a  succinct  (yet  com- 
pleat)  Account  of  the  late  Improvement,  and 
Present  State  of  the  Noble  Province,  and  Fertile 
Countrey  of  Pensilvania ;  with  the  strange  things 
that  have  been  found  there,  as  the  Salamander- 
Stone,  and  several  others,  mentioned  in  this 
Treatise;  discovered  since  thou  camest  out  of 
those  Parts.  I  desire  Thee  to  excuse  me  for 
addressing  to  Thee,  such  a  Plain  and  Peasant-like 
Piece;  yet  however  homely  or  coarse  it  may 
appear.  Thou  wilt  find  here  a  true  and  genuine 
Description  of  that  (once)  obscure,  tho'  (now) 
glorious  Place.  So  considering  how  generous  and 
candid  a  Man  Thou  art,  I  know  thou  wilt  bear 
with  my  weak  and  imperfect  Performance,  and 
accept  of  my  good  Meaning  and  kind  Intention, 
which  may  encourage  me,  in  time  to  come,  to  add 
some  more  Memoirs  to  this  rough  Essay  of  mine. 
Being  unwilling  to  tire  Thee  with  any  long  or 
tedious  Epistle,  I  take  my  Leave  of  Thee, 
(Most  Noble  and  Excellent 
Governor)  and  am 

Thy  hearty  Well-wisher,  ever 
ready  to  serve  Thee  on  all 
Occasions,  (in  the  way  of 
Truth,) 

Gabriel  Thomas. 
—  19  — 


THE 
PREFACE. 

Reader, 

THere  never  having  been  any  fair  or  full  Account 
given  to  the  World  of  Pensilvania,  I  thought 
the  Curious  wou'd  be  gratified  with  an  ample  Descrip- 
tion thereof. 

For  tho'  this  Country  has  made  little  Noise  in  Story, 
or  taken  up  hut  small  room  in  Maps,  yet  thus  much 
with  great  Justice  may  be  said,  of  it,  thai  notwith- 
standing the  Diffi'Culties  and  Inconveniencies  the  First 
English  Collonies  met  with  before  they  ivere  well 
settled  there,  yet  the  mighty  Improvements,  Additions, 
and  Advantages  that  have  been  made  lately  there,  are 
well  worth  Communicating  to  the  Publick,  and  I  am 
sensible  they  will  be  well  received. 

The  late  Tedious,  Hazardous,  and  Expensive  War 
(in  which  England,  in  Conjunction  with  the  Allies 
was  so  deeply  engaged)  ivas  without  doubt  no  small  Bar 
or  Obstacle  to  the  Flourishing  of  this  New  Country. 
The  great  Discouragements  the  Traders  thither  lay 
under,  {together  with  the  frequent  Capture  of  their 
Ships  out  and  home,  cou'd  not  chuse  but  baulk  them  in 
their  honest  Endeavours,  which  {now  Peace  is  restored) 
they  may  pursue  with  greater  Security  and  Satis- 
faction. 

—  21  — 


r  H  O  M  A   S'  S      P  li  N  N  S    Y  L    I'  A   N  /  A 


Nor  is  there  the  least  question  or  doubt  to  f)e  made, 
hut  this  Noble  Spot  of  Earth  irll/  thrive  exeeedingly, 
and  that  in  a  short  time  too,  and  adnDtre  considerably 
to  the  mighty  Advantage  of  the  Present  and  Future 
Prop[r\ietors,  irho  hare,  and  are  u:illing  to  gire  all  due 
Eneonragenient  to  any  that  shall  Transport  themselres 
thither. 

I  con'd  say  much  here  in  Praise  of  that  su)eet  Tract 
of  Land,  hut  having  spoken  so  largely  and  particularly 
thereof  in  the  Book  it  self  I  shall  forbear  the  least 
mention  in  this  place.  Nor  /rill  [  Anticipcfte  or  fore- 
stal  thee,  by  presenting  thee  here  with  what  thou  wilt 
find  there,  ivith  the  greater  Satisfaction.  And  so  I 
bid  thee  heartily  farewel. 

Gab.  ThomaB. 


—  22 


THE 

HISTORY 

OF 

Pensilvania^  &c, 

PEnsilvania  lies  between  the  Latitude  of  Forty 
and  Forty  five  Degrees:  West- Jersey  on  the 
East,  Virginia  on  the  West,  Mary -Land  South, 
and  Canada  on  the  North.  In  Length  three  hun- 
dred, and  in  Breadth  one  hundred  and  eighty 
Miles. 

The  Natives,  or  first  Inhabitants  of  this  Country 
in  their  Original,  are  suppos'd  by  most  People  to 
have  been  of  the  Ten  Scattered  Tribes,  for  they 
resemble  the  Jews  very  much  in  the  Make  of  their 
Persons,  and  Tincture  of  their  Complexions  :  They 
observe  New  Moons,  they  offer  their  j^rs^  Fruits  to 
a  Maneto,  or  suppos'd  Deity,  whereof  they  have 
two,  one,  as  they  fansie,  above  (good,)  another 
below  (bad,)  and  have  a  kind  of  Feast  of  Taber- 
nacles, laying  their  Altars  upon  Twelve  Stones, 
observe  a  sort  of  Mourning  twelve  Months,  Customs 
of  Women,  and  many  other  Rites  to  be  toucht 
(here)  rather  than  dwelt  upon,  because  they  shall 
be  handled  more  at  large  at  the  latter  end  of  this 
Treatise. 

—  23  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

They  are  very  Charitable  to  one  another,  the 
Lame  and  the  Blind  (amongst  them)  living  as  well 
as  the  best ;  they  are  also  very  kind  and  obliging 
to  the  Christians. 

The  next  that  came  there,  were  the  Dutch,  (who 
call'd  the  Country  Neir  Neifherland)  between  Fifty 
and  Sixty  Years  ago,  and  were  the  first  Planters 
in  those  Parts;  but  they  made  little  or  no  Improve- 
ment, (applying  themselves  wholly  to  Trafique  in 
Skins  and  Furs,  which  the  Indians  or  Natives 
furnish' d  them  with,  and  which  they  Barter' d  for 
Rum,  Strong  Liquors,  and  Sugar,  with  others, 
thereby  gaining  great  Profit)  till  near  the  time  of 
the  Wars  between  Emjland  and  Them,  about 
Thirty  or  Forty  Years  ago. 

Soon  after  them  came  the  Swedes  and  Fins,  who 
apply' d  themselves  to  Husbandry,  and  were  the 
first  Christian  People  that  made  any  considerable 
Improvement  tliere. 

There  were  some  Disputes  between  these  two 
Nations  some  Years,  the  Dutch  looking  upon  the 
Swedes  as  Intruders  upon  their  Purchase  and 
Possession,  which  was  absolutely  terminated  in 
the  Surrender  made  by  John  Rizeing,  the  Swedes 
Governour,  to  Peter  Styreant*  Govemour  for  the 
Dutch,  in  1655.     In  the  Holland  War  about  the 

*  So  printed  in  the  original  for  Stuyvesant. 
—  24  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Year  1665.  Sir  Robert  Carr  took  the  Country  from 
the  Dutch  for  the  English,  and  left  his  Cousin, 
Captain  Carr,  Governor  of  that  place;  but  in  a 
short  time  after,  the  Dutch  re-took  the  Country 
from  the  English,  and  kept  it  in  their  Possession 
till  the  Peace  was  concluded  between  the  English 
and  them,  when  the  Dutch  Surrendered  that 
Country  with  East  and  West- Jersey,  Netv-York, 
(with  the  whole  Countries  belonging  to  that 
Government)  to  the  E^igUsh  again.  But  it 
remain' d  with  very  little  Imp[r]ovement  till  the 
Year  1681,  in  which  William  Penn  Esq;  had  the 
Country  given  him  by  King  Charles  the  Second,  in 
lieu  of  Money  that  was  due  to  (and  signal  Service 
done  by)  his  Father,  Sir  William  Penn,  and  from 
him  bore  the  Name  of  Pensilvania. 

Since  that  time,  the  Industrious  (nay  Indefatig- 
able) Inhabitants  have  built  a  Noble  and  Beautiful 
City,  and  called  it  Philadelphia,  which  contains 
above  two  thousand  Houses,  all  Inhabited;  and 
most  of  them  Stately,  and  of  Brick,  generally 
three  Stories  high,  after  the  Mode  in  London,  and 
as  many  several  Families  in  each.  There  are  very 
many  Lanes  and  Alleys,  as  first,  Huttons-Lane, 
Morris-Lane,  Joneses-Lane,  wherein  are  very  good 
Buildings;  Shorters- Alley,  Yowers-Lane,  Wallers- 
Alley,  Turners-Lane,  Sikes- Alley,  and  Flowers- Alley. 
All  these  Alleys  and  Lanes  extend  from  the  Front 

^25  — 


THOMAS'S      PENNSYLVANIA 


Street  to  the  Second  Street.  There  is  another  AUeif 
in  the  Second  Street,  called  Carters- Alley.  There 
are  also  besides  these  A /leys  and  Ladies,  several 
fine  Squares  and  Courts  within  this  Magnificent 
City,  (for  so  I  may  justly  call  it.  ^  As  for  the 
particular  Names  of  the  several  Streets  contained 
therein,  the  Principal  are  as  follows,  rlz.  W(t  I  nut- 
Street,  Vine- St  reel,  Mulberry- Street,  Chesnut-Street, 
Sassafras- Street,  taking  their  Names  from  the 
abundance  of  those  Trees  that  fonnerly  grew 
there;  High-Street,  Broad-Street,  Del awcire- Street, 
Front- Street,  with  several  of  less  Note,  too  tedious 
to  insert  here. 

It  hath  in  it  Three  Fairs  every  Year,  and  Two 
Markets  every  Week.  They  kill  above  Twenty  Fnf 
Bullocks  every  Week,  in  the  hottest  time  in  Sum- 
mer, for  their  present  spending  in  that  City, 
besides  many  Sheep,  Cahes,  and  Hoys. 

This  City  is  Situated  between  School kill-Riier 
and  the  great  River  Delauarc,  which  derives  its 
Name  from  Captain  Drlauare,  who  came  there 
pretty  early:  Ships  of  Two  or  Three  Hundred 
Tuns  may  come  up  to  this  City,  by  either  of  these 
two  Rivei-8.  Moreover,  in  this  Province  are  Four 
Great  Market.-Touns,  viz.  (Chester,  the  (iernian 
Tonn,  Neu-Castle,  and  Leivis-Toirn,  which  are 
mightily   Enlarged   in   this  latter  Improvement. 

—  26  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Between  these  Towns,  the  Water-Men  constantly 
Ply  their  Wherries ;  likewise  all  those  Towns  have 
Fairs  kept  in  them,  besides  there  are  several 
Country  Villages,  viz.  Dublin,  Harford,  Merioneth, 
and  Radnor  in  Cumhry ;  all  which  Towns,  Villages 
and  Rivers,  took  their  Names  from  the  several 
Countries  whence  the  present  Inhabitants  came. 

The  Air  here  is  very  delicate,  pleasant,  and 
wholesom;  the  Heavens  serene,  rarely  overcast, 
bearing  mighty  resemblance  to  the  better  part  of 
France;  after  Rain  they  have  commonly  a  very 
clear  Sky,  the  Climate  is  something  Colder  in  the 
depth  of  Winter,  and  Hotter  in  the  height  of 
Summer;  (the  cause  of  which  is  its  being  a  Main 
Land  or  Continent ;  the  Days  also  are  two  Hours 
longer  in  the  shortest  Day  in  Winter,  and  shorter 
by  two  Hours  in  the  longest  Day  of  Summer)  than 
here  in  Englanrl,  which  makes  the  Fruit  so  good, 
and  the  Earth  so  fertil. 

The  Corn -Harvest  is  ended  before  the  middle  of 
July,  and  most  Years  they  have  commonly  between 
Twenty  and  Thirty  Bushels  of  Wheat  for  every 
one  they  Sow.  Their  Ground  is  harrowed  with 
Wooden  Tyned  Harrows,  twice  over  in  a  place  is 
sufficient;  twice  mending  of  their  Plow-Irons  in  a 
Years  time  will  serve.  Their  Horses  commonly 
go   without   being    shod;    two    Men   may  clear 

—  27  — 


THOMAS'S      PENNSYLVANIA 


between  Twenty  and  Thirty  Acres  of  Land  in 
one  Year,  fit  for  the  Plough,  in  which  Oxen  are 
chiefly  us'd,  though  Horses  are  not  wanting,  and 
of  them  Good  and  well  shap'd.  A  Cart  or  a  Wain 
may  go  through  the  middle  of  the  Woods,  between 
the  Trees  without  getting  any  damage,  and  of 
such  Land  in  a  convenient  place,  the  Purchase 
will  cost  between  Ten  and  Fifteen  PoundH  for  a 
Hundred  Acres.*  Here  is  much  Meadow  Ground. 
Poor  People  both  Men  and  Women,  will  get  near 
three  times  more  Wages  for  their  Labour  in  this 
Country,  than  they  can  earn  either  in  Knf/land  or 
Waie.s. 

What  is  Inhabited  of  this  Country,  is  divided 
into  Six  Counties,  though  there  is  not  the  Twen- 
tieth Part  of  it  yet  Peopled  by  the  Christians:  It 
hath  in  it  several  Navigable  Rivers  for  Shipping 
to  come  in,  besides  the  Capital  Del  ana  re,  wherein 
a  Ship  of  Two  Hundred  Tuns  may  Sail  Two  Hun- 
dred Miles  up.  There  are  also  several  other  small 
Rivers,  in  number  hardly  Credible;  these,  as  the 
Brooks,  have  for  the  most  part  gravelly  and  hard 
Bottoms;  and  it  is  supposed  that  there  are  many 
other  further  up  in  the  Country,  which  are  not 
yet  discover' d ;  the  Names  of  the  aforesaid  Rivers, 
are,  Hoorkill-River,  alias  Lewis  Hirer,  which  runs 
up  to  Lewis  Town,  the  chiefest  in  Snxse.r,  County; 
Cedar-River,    Muskmellon- River,    all    taking    their 

—  28  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Names  from  the  great  plenty  of  these  things 
growing  thereabouts ;  Mother-kill  alias  Dover-River, 
St.  Jones's  alias  Cranhrook- River,  where  one  John 
Curtice  lives,  who  hath  Three  Hundred  Head  of 
Neat  Beasts,  besides  great  Numbers  of  Hogs, 
Horses,  and  Sheep;  Great  Duck-River,  Little  Duck- 
River,  Black- Bird-River,  these  also  took  their  Orig- 
inal Names  from  the  great  Numbers  of  those 
Fowls  which  are  found  there  in  vast  quantities; 
Apequinemy -River,  where  their  Goods  come  to  be 
Carted  over  to  Maj-y-Land.  St.  George's-River^ 
Christen -River,  Brandy -Wine-River,  Upland  alias 
Chester -River,  which  runs  by  Chester-Town,  being 
the  Shire  or  County-Town;  Schoolkill- River, 
Frankford-River,  near  which,  Arthur  Cook  hath  a 
most  Stately  Brick-House;  and  Nishamany -River, 
where  Judge  Growden  hath  a  very  Noble  and  Fine 
House,  very  pleasantly  Situated,  and  likewise  a 
Famous  Orchard  adjoyning  to  it,  wherein  are 
contain' d  above  a  Thousand  Apple  Trees  of 
various  sorts;  likewise  there  is  the  famous  Derby- 
River,  which  comes  down  from  the  Cumbry  by 
Derby -Town,  wherein  are  several  Mills,  viz.  Ful- 
ling-Mills,  Corn-Mills,  &c. 

There  is  curious  Building-Stone  and  Paving-Stone, 
also  Tile- Stone,  with  which  latter.  Governor  Pe7in 
covered  his  Great  and  Stately  Pile,  which  he  call'd 
Pennsbury -House,  the  Name  it  still  retains.     There 

—  29  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


is  likewise  Iron-Stone  or  Oar,  (lately  found)  which 
far  exceeds  that  in  England,  being  Richer  and  less 
Drossy;  some  Preparations  have  been  made  to 
carry  on  an  Iron- Work:  There  is  also  very  good 
Lime- Stone  in  great  plenty,  and  cheap,  of  great 
use  in  Buildings,  and  also  in  Manuring  Land,  (if 
there  were  occasion)  but  Nature  has  made  that  of 
it  self  sufficiently  Fruitful;  besides  here  are  Load- 
Stones,  Ising- Glass,  and  (that  Wonder  of  Stones) 
the  Salamander- Stone,  found  near  Brandy- Wine- 
River,  having  Cotton  in  Veins  within  it,  which  will 
not  consume  in  the  Fire,  though  held  there  a 
long  time. 

As  to  Minerals,  or  Metals,  there  is  very  good 
Copper,  far  exceeding  ours  in  Knglaiid,  being  much 
Finer,  and  of  a  more  glorious  Colour.  Not  two 
Mile  from  the  Metropolis,  are  also  Purging  Mineral- 
Waters,  that  pass  both  by  Siege  and  Urine,  all  out 
as  good  as  Epsom :  And  I  have  reason  to  believe, 
there  are  good  Coals  also,  for  I  observ'd,  the  Runs 
of  Water  have  the  same  Colour  as  that  which 
proceeds  from  the  Coal-Mines  in  Wales. 

Here  is  curious  Diversion  in  Hunting,  Fishing, 
and  Fowling,  especially  upon  that  Great  and 
Famous  River  Suskahanah,  which  runs  down  quite 
through  the  heart  of  the  Country  to  Mary-Land, 
where  it  makes  the  Head   of   Chesepeck-Bay,  in 

—  30  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

which  place  there  are  an  Infinite  Number  of  Sea 
and  Land  Fowl,  of  most  sorts,  viz.  Swans,  Ducks, 
Teal,  (which  two  are  the  most  Grateful  and  most 
Delicious  in  the  World)  Geese,  Divers,  Brands, 
Snipe,  Curlew ;  as  also  Eagles,  Turkies  (of  Forty  or 
Fifty  Pound  Weight)  Pheasants,  Partridges,  Pid- 
geons,  Heath-Birds,  Black-Birds',  and  that  Strange 
and  Remarkable  Fowl,  call'd  (in  these  Parts)  the 
Mocking -Bird,  that  Imitates  all  sorts  of  Birds  in 
their  various  Notes.  And  for  Fish,  there  are 
prodigious  quantities  of  most  sorts,  viz.  Shadds 
Cats  Heads,  Sheeps-Heads,  Herrings,  Smelts,  Roach, 
Eels,  Perch.  As  also  the  large  sort  of  Fish,  as 
Whales  (of  which  a  great  deal  of  Oyl  is  made) 
Salmon,  Trout,  Sturgeon,  Rock,  Oysters,  (some 
six  Inches  long)  Crabs,  Cockles,  (some  as  big 
as  Stewing  Oysters  of  which  are  made  a  Choice 
Soupe  or  Broth)  Canok  and  Mussels,  with  many 
other  sorts  of  Fish,  which  would  be  too  tedious 
to  insert. 

There  are  several  sorts  of  wild  Beasts  of  great 
Profit,  and  good  Food;  viz.  Panthers,  Woolves, 
Either,  Deer,  Beaver,  Otter,  Hares,  Musk-Rats,  Minks, 
Wild  Cats,  Foxes,  Rackoons,  Rabits,  and  that 
strange  Creature,  the  Possam,  she  having  a  false 
BeUy  to  swallow  her  Young  ones,  by  which  means 
she  preserveth  them  from  danger,  when  any  thing 
comes  to  disturb  them.     There  are  also  Beai's  some 

—  31  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


Wolves,  are  pretty  well  destroy' d  by  the  Indians, 
for  the  sake  of  the  Reward  given  them  by  the 
Christians  for  that  Service.  Here  is  also  that 
Remarkable  Creature  the  Fli/inf/-S(/uirrel,  having 
a  kind  of  Skinny  Wings,  almost  like  those  of  the 
Batt,  though  it  hath  the  like  Hair  and  Colour 
of  the  Common  S(fnirre/,  but  is  much  less  in 
Bodily  Subvstance;  I  have  (my  self)  seen  it  fly 
from  one  Tree  to  another  in  the  Woods,  but  how 
long  it  can  maintain  its  Flight  is  not  yet  exactly 
known. 

There  are  in  the  Woods  abundance  of  Red  Deer 
(vulgarly  called  Stags)  for  I  have  bought  of  the 
Indians  a  whole  Buck,  (both  Skin  and  Carcass)  for 
two  Gills  of  Gunpowder.  Excellent  Food,  most 
delicious,  far  exceeding  that  in  Europe,  in  the 
Opinion  of  most  that  are  Nice  and  Curious  People. 
There  are  vast  Numbers  of  other  Wild  Creatures, 
as  Elks,  Bufalos,  &c.  all  which  as  well  Beasts, 
Fowl,  and  Fish,  are  free  and  common  to  any  Per- 
son who  can  shoot  or  take  them,  without  any  lett, 
hinderance  or  Opposition  whatsoever. 

There  are  among  other  various  sorts  of  Frogs, 
the  Bull-Frog,  which  makes  a  roaring  noise,  hardly 
to  be  distinguished  from  that  well  known  of  the 
Beast,  from  whom  it  takes  its  Name:  There  is 
another  sort  of  Frog  that  crawls  up  to  the  tops  of 

—  32  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Trees,  there  seeming  to  imitate  the  Notes  of  sev- 
eral Birds,  with  many  other  strange  and  various 
Creatures,  which  would  take  up  too  much  room 
here  to  mention. 

Next,  I  shall  proceed  to  instance  in  the  several 
sorts  of  Wild  Fruits,  as  excellent  Grapes,  Red, 
Black,  White,  Muscadel,  and  Fox,  which  upon  fre- 
quent Experience  have  produc'd  Choice  Wine, 
being  daily  Cultivated  by  skilful  Vinerons;  they 
will  in  a  short  space  of  time,  have  very  good 
Liquor  of  their  own,  and  some  to  supply  their 
Neighbours,  to  their  great  advantage;  as  these 
Wines  are  more  pure,  so  much  more  wholsom;  the 
Brewing  Trade  of  Sophisticating  and  Adulterat- 
ing of  Wines,  as  in  En// land,  Holland  (especially) 
and  in  some  other  places  not  being  known  there 
yet,  nor  in  all  probability  will  it  in  many  Years, 
through  a  natural  Probity  so  fixed  and  implanted 
in  the  Inhabitants,  and  (I  hope)  like  to  continue. 
Wallnuts,  Ckesnuts,  Filberts,  Heckery-Nuts,  Hartle- 
berries.  Mulberries,  (white  and  black)  Rasberries, 
Strafr berries,  Cramberries,  Plumbs  of  several  sorts, 
and  many  other  Wild  Fruits,  in  great  plenty, 
which  are  common  and  free  for  any  to  gather;  to 
particularize  the  Names  of  them  all,  would  take 
up  too  much  time;  tire,  not  gratifie  the  Reader, 
and  be  inconsistent  with  the  intended  Brevity  of 
this  little  Volume. 

—  33  — 


THOMAS'S     P  E  N  N  S   Y  L   V  A  N  I  A 

The  common  Planting  Fruit-Trees,  are  Apples, 
which  from  a  Kernel  (without  Inoculating)  will 
shoot  up  to  be  a  large  Tree,  and  produce  very 
delicious,  large,  and  pleasant  Fruit,  of  which 
much  excellent  Cyder  is  made,  in  taste  resembling 
that  in  EuyhDifJ  press' d  from  Pippins  and  Pear- 
mains,  sold  commonly  for  between  Ten  and  Fifteen 
Shillings  per  Barrel.  Pears,  Peaehes,  &c.  of  which 
they  distil  a  Liquor  much  like  the  taste  of  Rumm 
or  Brandt/,  which  they  Yearly  make  in  great  quan- 
tities: There  are  Quinces,  Cherries,  Goosherries, 
Currants,  Squashes,  Pumpkins,  Water-Meltons,  Musk- 
ineUons,  and  other  Fruits  in  great  Numbers,  which 
seldom  fail  of  yielding  great  plenty.  There  are 
also  many  curious  and  excellent  Physical  Wild 
Herbs,  Roots,  and  Drugs  of  great  Vertue,  and  very 
sanative,  as  the  Sassafras,  and  Sarsaparilla,  so 
much  us'd  in  Diet-Drinks  for  the  Cure  of  the 
Veneral  Disease,  which  makes  the  Indians  by  a 
right  application  of  them,  as  able  Doctors  and 
Suryeons  as  any  in  Europe,  performing  celebrated 
Cures  therewith,  and  by  the  use  of  some  particu- 
lar Plants  only,  find  Remedy  in  all  Swellings, 
Burnings,  Cuts,  &c.  There  grows  also  in  great 
plenty  the  Black  Snake- Root,  (fam'd  for  its  some- 
times preserving,  but  often  enuring  the  Plague, 
being  infused  only  in  Wine,  Brandy  or  Rumm) 
Hattfc- Snake-Root,  Poke- Root,  called  in  England 
Jallop,  with  several  other  beneficial  Herbs,  Plants 

—  34  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

and  Boots,  which  Physicians  have  approved  of,  far 
exceeding  in  Nature  and  Vertue,  those  of  other 
Countries. 

The  Names  of  the  Counties  are  as  f olloweth ; 
First,  Philadelphia  County;  Second,  Bucks  County; 
Third,  Chester  Comity;  Fourth,  New-Castle  County; 
Fifth,  Kent  County;  Sixth,  Sussex  County.  The 
chiefest  and  most  commodious  places  for  raising 
Tobacco,  as  also  for  Breeding  and  Improving  all 
sorts  of  Cattle,  are  the  Counties  of  Kent  and  New- 
Castle ;  the  other  chiefly  depend  upon  Raising  and 
Improving  English  Grain,  of  which  they  have  a 
prodigious  Encrease,  which  I  have  particularly 
instanced  in  the  beginning  of  this  Book,  both  as 
to  their  Quality  and  Quantity:  All  those  Coun- 
ties also  very  much  abound  in  all  sorts  of  Cattle, 
both  small  and  great,  for  the  Use  and  Service  of 
Man. 

Their  sorts  of  Grain  are.  Wheat,  Bye,  Pease,  Gates, 
Barley,  Buck-Wheat,  Bice,  Indian-Corn,  Indian-Pease, 
and  Beans,  with  great  quantities  of  Hemp  and 
Flax;  as  alsOj  several  sorts  of  eating  Roots,  as 
Turnips,  Potatoes,  Carrats,  Parsnips,  &c.  all  which 
are  produc'd  Yearly  in  greater  quantities  than  in 
England,  those  Boots  being  much  larger,  and 
altogether  as  sweet,  if  not  more  delicious;  Cucum- 
bers, Cos  haws.  Artichokes,  with  many  others;  most 

—  35  — 


THOMAS'S      P  E  N  N  S   V  L   V  A   N  T  A 

sorts  of  Saladings,  besides  what  grows  naturally 
Wild  in  the  Country,  and  that  in  great  plenty 
also,  as  Mustard,  RiiCy  Sa(/<\  Minf,  Tanzy^  Worm- 
wood, Penny-Rojfal  and  Purs/ain,  and  most  of  the 
Herbs  and  Roots  found  in  the  Gardens  in  England. 
There  are  several  Husband-Men,  who  sow  Yearly 
between  Seventy  and  Eighty  Acres  of  Wheat  each, 
besides  Barley,  Gates,  Rye,  Pease,  Beans,  and  other 
Grain. 

They  have  commonly  Tuo  Ha r rests  in  the  Year; 
First,  of  Enylish  Wheat,  and  next  of  Burk\  (or 
French)  Wheat.  They  have  great  Stocks  both  of 
Hoys  and  Horses,  kept  in  the  Woods,  out  of  which, 
I  saw  a  Hoy  kill'd,  of  about  a  Year  old,  which 
weigh' d  Two  Hundred  weight;  whose  Flesh  is 
much  sweeter,  and  even  more  luscious  than  that 
in  England,  because  they  feed  and  fatten  on  the 
rich  (though  wild)  Fruits,  besides  those  fatned  at 
home  by  Peaches,  Cherries  and  Apples.  Their 
Horses  are  very  hardy,  insomuch  that  being  very 
hot  with  riding  or  otherwise,  they  are  turn'd  out 
into  the  Woods  at  the  same  Instant,  and  yet 
receive  no  harm ;  some  Farmers  have  Forty,  some 
Sixty,  and  from  that  Number  to  Two  or  Three 
Hundred  Head  of  ('attle\  Their  Oxen  usually 
weigh  Two  Hundred  Pounds  a  Quarter.  They 
are  commonly  fatter  of  Flesh,  and  yield  more 
Tallow  (by  feeding  only  on  Grass)  than  the  Cattle 

-36- 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

in  England.  And  for  Sheep,  they  have  consider- 
able Numbers  which  are  generally  free  from  those 
infectious  Diseases  which  are  incident  to  those 
Creatures  in  England,  as  the  Rot,  Scab,  ov Maggots', 
They  commonly  bring  forth  two  Lambs  at  once, 
some  twise  in  one  Year,  and  the  WooU  is  very  fine, 
and  thick,  and  also  very  white. 

Bees  thrive  and  multiply  exceedingly  in  those 
Parts,  the  Sweeds  often  get  great  store  of  them  in 
the  Woods,  where  they  are  free  for  any  Body. 
Honey  (and  choice  too)  is  sold  in  the  Capital  City 
for  Five  Pence  per  Pound.  Wax  is  also  plentiful, 
cheap,  and  a  considerable  Commerce.  Tame 
Fowls,  as  Chickens,  Hens,  Geese,  Ducks,  Turkeys, 
&c.  are  large,  and  very  plentiful  all  over  this 
Countrey. 

And  now  for  their  Lots  and  Lands  in  City  and 
Countrey,  in  their  great  Advancement  since  they 
were  first  laid  out,  which  was  within  the  compass 
of  about  Twelve  Years,  that  which  might  have 
been  bought  for  Fifteen  or  Eighteen  Shillings,  is 
now  sold  for  Fourscore  Pounds  in  ready  Silver; 
and  some  other  Lots,  that  might  have  been  then 
Purchased  for  Three  Pounds,  within  the  space  ot 
Two  Years,  were  sold  for  a  Hundred  Pounds  a 
piece,  and  likewise  some  Land  that  lies  near  the 
City,  that  Sixteen  Years  ago  might  have  been 

—  37  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


Purchas'd  for  Six  or  Eight  Founds  the  Hundred 
Acres,  cannot  now  be  bought  under  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty,  or  Two  Hundred  Pounds. 

Now  the  true  Reason  why  this  Fruitful  Coun- 
trey  and  Florishing  City  advance  so  considerably 
in  the  Purchase  of  Lands  both  in  the  one  and  the 
other,  is  their  great  and  extended  Trafiique  and 
Commerce  both  by  Sea  and  Land,  viz.  to  New- 
York^  New-England^  Virginia,  Mary-Land,  Carolina, 
Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Nevis,  Monserat,  Antego,  St. 
Cristophers,  Barmudoes,  New-Found-Land,  Maderas, 
Saltetiideous,  and  Old-England;  besides  several 
other  places.  Their  Merchandize  chiefly  consists 
in  Horses,  Pipe-Staves,  Pork  and  Beef  Salted  and 
Barrelled  up,  Bread,  and  Flower,  all  sorts  of  Grain, 
Pease,  Beans,  Skins,  Furs,  Tobacco,  or  Pot-Ashes, 
Wax,  &c.  which  are  Barter' d  for  Rumm,  Sugar, 
Molasses,  Silver,  Negroes,  Salt,  IVine,  Linen,  Hous- 
hold- Goods,  &c. 

However  there  still  remain  Lots  of  Land  both 
in  the  aforesaid  City  and  Country,  that  any  may 
Purchase  almost  as  cheap  as  they  could  at  the 
first  Laying  out  or  Parcelling  of  either  City  or 
Country;  which  is,  (in  the  Judgment  of  most 
People)  the  likeliest  to  turn  to  account  to  those 
that  lay  their  Money  out  upon  it,  and  in  a  shorter 
time  than  the  aforementioned  Lots  and   Lands 

-38- 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

that  are  already  improved,  and  for  several  Rea- 
sons. In  the  first  place,  the  Countrey  is  now  well 
inhabited  by  the  Christians,  who  have  great 
Stocks  of  all  sorts  of  Cattle,  that  encrease  extra- 
ordinarily, and  upon  that  account  they  are  oblig'd 
to  go  farther  up  into  the  Countrey,  because  there 
is  the  chiefest  and  best  place  for  their  Stocks, 
and  for  them  that  go  back  into  the  Countrey, 
they  get  the  richest  Land,  for  the  best  lies  there- 
abouts. 

Secondly,  Farther  into  the  Countrey  is  the  Prin- 
cipal Place  to  Trade  with  the  Indians  for  all  sorts 
of  Pelt,  as  Skins  and  Furs,  and  also  Fat  Venison, 
of  whom  People  may  Purchase  cheaper  by  three 
Parts  in  four  than  they  can  at  the  City  of 
Philadelphia. 

Thirdly,  Backwards  in  the  Countrey  lies  the 
Mines  where  is  Copper  and  Iron,  besides  other 
Metals,  and  Minerals,  of  which  there  is  some  Im- 
provement made  already  in  order  to  bring  them, 
to  greater  Perfection ;  and  that  will  be  a  means  to 
erect  more  Inland  Market-Towns,  which  exceed- 
ingly promote  Traffick. 

Fourthly,  and  lastly.  Because  the  Countrey  at 
the  first,  laying  out,  was  void  of  Inhabitants 
(except  the  Heathens,  or  very  few  Christians  not 

—  39  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


worth  naming)  and  not  many  People  caring  to 
abandon  a  quiet  and  easie  (at  least  tolerable)  Life 
in  their  Native  Countrey  (usually  the  most  agree- 
able to  all  Mankind)  to  seek  out  a  new  hazardous, 
and  careful  one  in  a  Foreign  Wilderness  or  Desart 
Countrey,  wholly  destitute  of  Christian  Inhab- 
itants, and  even  to  arrive  at  which,  they  must 
pass  over  a  vast  Ocean,  expos' d  to  some  Dangers, 
and  not  a  few  Inconveniencies :  But  now  all  those 
Cares,  Fears  and  Hazards  are  vanished,  for  the 
Countrey  is  pretty  well  Peopled,  and  very  much 
Improv'd,  and  will  be  more  every  Day,  now  the 
Dove  is  returned  with  the  Olive-branch  of  Peace 
in  her  Mouth. 

I  must  needs  say,  even  the  present  Encourage- 
ments are  very  great  and  inviting,  for  Poor  People 
(^both  Men  and  Women)  of  all  kinds,  can  here  get 
three  times  the  Wages  for  their  Labour  they  can 
in  England  or  Wales. 

1  shall  instance  in  a  few,  which  may  serve ;  nay, 
and  will  hold  in  all  the  rest.  The  first  was  a 
Black-Smith,  (my  next  Neighbour)  who  himself 
and  one  Negro  Man  he  had,  got  Fifty  Shillings 
in  one  Day,  by  working  up  a  Hundred  Pound 
Weight  of  Iron,  which  at  Six  Pence  per  Pound 
(,and  that  is  the  common  Price  in  that  Countrey) 
amounts  to  that  Summ. 

—  40  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

And  for  Carpenters,  both  House  and  Ship,  Brick- 
layers, Masons,  either  of  these  Trades-Men,  will 
get  between  Five  and  Six  Shillings  every  Day  con- 
stantly. As  to  Journey-Men  Shooe-Makers,  they 
have  Two  Shillings  per  Pair  both  for  Men  and 
W omens  Shooes:  And  Journey-Men  Taylors  have 
Twelve  Shillings /?6/'  Week  and  their  Diet.  Saw- 
yers get  between  Six  and  Seven  Shillings  the 
Hundred  for  Cutting  of  Pine-Boards.  And  for 
Weavers,  they  have  Ten  or  Twelve  Pence  the  Yard 
for  Weaving  of  that  which  is  little  more  than  half 
a  Yard  in  breadth.  Wooll-Comhers,  have  for 
combing  Twelve  Pence  per  Pound.  Potters  have 
Sixteen  Pence  for  an  Earthen  Pot  which  may  be 
bought  in  England  for  Four  Pence.  Tanners,  may 
buy  their  Hides  green  for  Three  Half  Pence  per 
Pound,  and  sell  their  Leather  for  Twelve  Pence 
per  Pound.  And  Curriers  have  Three  Shillings 
and  Four  Pence  per  Hide  for  Dressing  it;  they 
buy  their  Oyl  at  Twenty  Pence  per  Gallon.  Brick- 
Makers  have  Twenty  Shillings  per  Thousand  for 
their  Bricks  at  the  Kiln.  Felt-Makers  will  have 
for  their  Hats  Seven  Shillings  a  piece,  such  as 
may  be  bought  in  England  for  Two  Shillings  a 
piece;  yet  they  buy  their  Wooll  commonly  for 
Twelve  or  Fifteen  Pence  per  Pound.  And  as  to 
the  Glaziers,  they  will  have  Five  Pence  a  Quarry 
for  their  Glass.  The  Rule  for  the  Coopers  I  have 
almost  forgot ;  but  this  I  can  affirm  of  some  who 

—  41  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

went  from  Bristol,  (as  their  Neighbours  report) 
that  could  hardly  get  their  Livelihoods  there,  are 
now  reckon' d  in  Pensi I vania,  by  a  modest  Computa- 
tion to  be  worth  some  Hundreds,  (if  not  Thou  • 
sands')  of  Pounds.  The  Bakers  make  as  White 
Bread  as  any  in  London,  and  as  for  their  Rule,  it 
is  the  same  in  all  Parts  of  the  World  that  I  have 
been  in.  The  Butchers  for  killing  a  Beast,  have 
Five  Shillings  and  their  Diet ;  and  they  may  buy 
a  good  fat  large  Cow  for  Three  Pounds,  or  there- 
abouts. The  Breirers  sell  such  Beer  as  is  equal  in 
Strength  to  that  in  London,  half  Ale  and  half 
Stout  for  Fifteen  Shillings  per  Barrel ;  and  their 
Beer  hath  a  better  Name,  that  is,  is  in  more  esteem 
than  Knglish  Beer  in  Barbadoes,  and  is  sold  for  a 
higher  Price  there.  And  for  Silver- Smiths,  they 
have  between  Half  a  Crown  and  Three  Shillings 
an  Ounce  for  working  their  Silver,  and  for  Gold 
equivalent.  Plasterers  have  commonly  Eighteen 
Pence  per  Yard  for  Plasterinf).  Last-Makers  have 
Sixteen  Shillings  per  dozen  for  their  Lasts.  And 
Heel-Makers  have  Two  Shillings  a  dozen  for 
their  Heels.  Wheel  and  Mill  -  Wrif/hts,  Joyners, 
Hrasiers,  Peirterers,  Dyers,  Fullers,  Cotnb-Makers, 
Wyer-Drawers,  Caye- Makers,  Card-Makers,  Painters, 
(Sutlers,  Rope-Makers,  Carvers,  Block-Makers,  Turners, 
Button-Makers,  Hair  and  Wood  Sieve-Makers,  Bodies- 
Makers,  Gun-Smiths,  Lock-Smiths,  Nailers,  File- 
Cuters,  Skinners,  Furriers,   Glovers,  Patten-Makers, 

—  42  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Watch-Makerss  Clock-Makers,  Sadlers,  Coller-Makers, 
Barbers,  Printers,  Book-Binders,  and  all  other 
Trades-Men,  their  Gains  and  Wages  are  about  the 
same  proportion  as  the  forementioned  Trades  in 
their  Advancements,  as  to  what  they  have  in 
England. 

Of  Lawyers  and  Physicians  I  shall  say  nothing, 
because  this  Countrey  is  very  Peaceable  and 
Healt[h]y ;  long  may  it  so  continue  and  never  have 
occasion  for  the  Tongue  of  the  one,  nor  the  Pen 
of  the  other,  both  equally  destructive  to  Mens 
Estates  and  Lives;  besides  forsooth,  they,  Hang- 
Man  like,  have  a  License  to  Murder  and  make 
Mischief.  Labouring-Men  have  commonly  here, 
between  14  and  15  Pounds  a  Year,  and  their  Meat, 
Drink,  Washing  and  Lodging;  and  by  the  Day 
their  Wages  is  generally  between  Eighteen  Pence 
and  Half  a  Crown,  and  Diet  also ;  But  in  Harvest 
they  have  usually  between  Three  and  Four  Shil- 
ling each  Day,  and  Diet.  The  Maid  Servants 
Wages  is  commonly  betwixt  Six  and  Ten  Pounds 
per  Annum,  with  very  good  Accommodation. 
And  for  the  Women  who  get  their  Livelihood  by 
their  own  Industry,  their  Labour  is  very  dear,  for 
I  can  buy  in  London  a  Cheese-Cake  for  Two 
Pence,  bigger  than  theirs  at  that  price,  when  at  the 
same  time  their  Milk  is  as  cheap  as  we  can  buy 
it  in  London,  and  their  Flour  cheaper  by  one  half. 

—  43  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


Com  and  Flesh,  and  what  else  serves  Man  for 
Drink,  Food  and  Rayraent,  is  much  cheaper  here 
than  in  Enf/lfDifi,  or  elsewhere;  but  the  chief  rea- 
son why  Wages  of  Servants  of  all  sorts  is  much 
higher  here  than  there,  arises  from  the  great  Fer- 
tility and  Produce  of  the  Place;  besides,  if  these 
large  Stipends  were  refused  them,  they  would 
quickly  set  up  for  themselves,  for  they  can  have 
Provision  very  cheap,  and  Land  for  a  very  small 
matter,  or  next  to  nothing  in  comparison  of  the 
Purchace  of  Lands  in  Fjiujlnnd;  and  the  Farmers 
there,  (;an  better  afford  to  give  that  great  Wages 
than  the  Farmers  in  Kmjiand  can,  for  several 
Reasons  very  obvious. 

As  First,  their  Land  costs  them  (as  1  said  but 
just  now)  little  or  nothing  in  comparison,  of  which 
the  Farmers  commonly  will  get  twice  the  encrease 
of  Com  for  every  Bushel  they  sow,  that  the 
Farmers  in  England  can  from  the  richest  Land 
they  have. 

In  the  Second  place,  they  have  constantly  good 
price  for  their  Corn,  by  reason  of  the  great  and 
quick  vent  into  Hnrhadocs  and  other  Islands; 
through  which  means  Si/rer  is  become  more  plen- 
tiful than  here  in  Enf/land,  considering  the 
Number  of  People,  and  that  causes  a  quick  Trade 
for  both  Com  and  Cattle;  and  that  is  the  reason 

—  44  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

that  Corn  differs  now  from  the  Price  formerly, 
else  it  would  be  at  half  the  Price  it  was  at  then ; 
for  a  Brother  of  mine  (to  my  own  particular 
knowledge)  sold  within  the  compass  of  one  Week, 
about  One  Hundred  and  Twenty  fat  Beasts,  most 
of  them  good  handsom  large  Oxen. 

Thirdly,  They  pay  no  Tithes,  and  their  Taxes  are 
inconsiderable;  the  Place  is  free  for  all  Persua- 
sions, in  a  Sober  and  Civil  way ;  for  the  Church 
of  England  and  the  Quakers  bear  equal  Share  in 
the  Government.  They  live  Friendly  and  Well 
together ;  there  is  no  Persecution  for  Religion,  nor 
ever  like  to  be;  'tis  this  that  knocks  all  Commerce 
on  the  Head,  together  with  high  Imposts,  strict 
Laws,  and  cramping  Orders.  Before  I  end  this 
Paragraph,  I  shall  add  another  Reason  why 
Womens  Wages  are  so  exorbitant ;  they  are  not 
yet  very  numerous,  which  makes  them  stand  upon 
high  Terms  for  their  several  Services,  in  Sempster- 
ing.  Washing,  Spinning,  Knitting,  Sewing,  and  in 
all  the  other  parts  of  their  Imployments ;  for  they 
have  for  Spinning  either  Worsted  or  Linen,  Two 
Shillings  a  Pound,  and  commonly  for  Knitting  a 
very  Course  pair  of  Yarn  Stockings,  they  have 
half  a  Crown  a  pair ;  moreover  they  are  usually 
Marry' d  before  they  are  Twenty  Years  of  Age, 
and  when  once  in  that  Noose,  are  for  the  most 
part  a  little  uneasie,  and  make  their  Husbands  so 

—  45  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


too,  till  they  procure  them  a  Maid  Servant  to  bear 
the  burden  of  the  Work,  as  also  in  some  measure 
to  wait  on  them  too. 

It  is  now  time  to  return  to  the  City  of  Brotherly- 
Love  (for  so  much  the  Greek  Word  or  Name  Ph  iladel- 
phia  imports)  which  though  at  present  so  obscure, 
that  neither  the  Map-MakerH,  nor  Geographers  have 
taken  the  least  notice  of  her,  tho  she  far  exceeds 
*  Thirty  her  Namesake  of  Li/clia,*  (having  above  Two 
German        Thousaud   Noble  Houses  for  her  Five  Hundred 

Mtles  from 

Smyrna.  Ordinary)  or  Ce/isia,  or  Cfflesi/rirt ;  yet  in  a  very 
short  space  of  time  she  will,  in  all  probability, 
make  a  fine  Figure  in  the  World,  and  be  a  most 
Celebrated  Emporeum.  Here  is  lately  built  a 
Noble  Toivn- House  or  Guild-H<iU,  also  a  Handsom 
Market-Hinise,  and  a  convenient  Prison.  The 
Number  of  Christians  both  Old  and  Young 
Inhabiting  in  that  Countrey,  are  by  a  Modest 
Computation,  adjudged  to  amount  to  above 
Twenty  Thousand. 

The  Laws  of  this  Countrey,  are  the  same  with 
those  in  AV//r/////;  our  Constitution  being  on  the 
same  Foot:  Many  Disputes  and  Differences  are 
determined  and  composed  by  Arbitration ;  and  all 
Causes  are  decided  with  great  Care  and  Expedi- 
tion, being  concluded  (generally)  at  furthest  at 
the  Second  Court,  unless  they  happen  to  be  very 

-46- 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Nice  and  Difficult  Cases;  under  Forty  Shillings 
any  one  Justice  of  the  Peace  has  Power  to  Try  the 
Cause.  Thieves  of  all  sorts,  are  oblig'd  to  restore 
four  fold  after  they  have  been  Whipt  and  Im- 
prison'd,  according  to  the  Nature  of  their  Crime; 
and  if  they  be  not  of  Ability  to  restore  four  fold, 
they  must  be  in  Servitude  till  'tis  satisfied.  They 
have  Curious  Wharfs  as  also  several  large  and 
fine  Timber- Yards,  both  at  Philadelphia,  and  New- 
Castle,  especially  at  the  Metropolis,  before  Robert 
Turner^^  Great  and  Famous  House,  where  are 
built  Ships  of  considerable  Burthen;  they  Cart 
their  Goods  from  that  Wharf  into  the  City  of 
Philadelphia,  under  an  Arch,  over  which  part  of 
the  Street  is  built,  which  is  called  Chesnut- Street 
Wharf,  besides  other  Wharfs,  as  High-Street  Wharf, 
Mulberry -Street  Wharf  and  Vine- Street  Wharf,  and 
all  those  are  Common  Wharfs;  and  likewise  there 
are  very  pleasant  Stairs,  as  Trus  and  Carpenter- 
Stairs,  besides  several  others.  There  are  above 
Thirty  Carts  belonging  to  that  City,  Four  or  Five 
Horses  to  each.  There  is  likewise  a  very  conven- 
ient Wharf  called  Carpe7iter's  Wharf  which  hath 
a  fine  necessary  Crain  belonging  to  it,  with  suit- 
able Granaries,  and  Stotr-Houses.  A  Ship  of  Two 
Hundred  Tun  may  load  and  unload  by  the  side 
of  it,  and  there  are  other  Wharfs  (with  Magazines 
and  Ware-Houses)  which  front  the  City  all  along 
the  River,  as  also  a  Curious  and  Commodious 

—  47  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


Dork  with  a  Draiv-Br'uhje  to  it,  for  the  convenient 
Reception  of  Vessels ;  where  have  been  built  some 
Ships  of  Two  or  Three  Hundred  Tuns  each :  They 
have  very  Stately  Oaks  to  build  Ships  with,  some 
of  which  are  between  Fifty  and  Sixty  Foot  long, 
and  clear  from  Knots,  being  very  straight  and 
well  Grain' d.  In  this  famous  City  of  Philadelphia 
there  are  several  Rope- Makers,  who  have  large  and 
curious  Rope-  Walks  especially  one  Joseph  Wilcojr. 
Also  Three  or  Four  Spacious  Mai f -Houses,  as  many 
large  Breiv-Houses,  and  many  handsom  Bake-Houses 
for  Publick  Use. 

In  the  said  City  are  several  good  Schools  of 
Learnimf  for  Youth,  in  order  to  the  Attainment 
of  Avis  and  Sciences,  as  also  Reading,  Writing,  &c. 
Here  is  to  be  had  on  any  Day  in  the  Week,  Tarls, 
Pies,  (Jakes,  &c.  We  have  also  several  Cooks- 
Shops,  both  Roasting  and  Boyling,  as  in  the  City 
of  London;  Bread,  Beer,  Beef,  and  Pork,  are  sold 
at  any  time  much  cheaper  than  in  England  (which 
arises  from  their  Plenty)  our  Wheat  is  very  white 
and  clear  from  Tares,  making  as  good  and  white 
Bread  as  any  in  En  rope.  Happy  Blessings,  for 
which  we  owe  the  highest  Gratitude  to  our  Plen- 
tiful Provider,  the  great  Creator  of  Heaven  and 
Earth.  The  Water-Mills  far  exceed  those  in 
England,  both  for  quickness  and  grinding  good 
Meal,  their  being  great  choice  of  good  Timber, 

—  48  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

and  earlier  Com  than  in  the  aforesaid  Place,  they 
are  made  by  one  Peter  Deal,  a  Famous  and  Ingen- 
ious Workman,  especially  for  inventing  such  like 
Machines. 

All  sorts  of  very  good  Paper  are  made  in  the 
German-Town \  as  also  very  fine  German  Linen, 
such  as  no  Person  of  Quality  need  be  asham'd  to 
wear;  and  in  several  places  they  make  very  good 
Druggets,  Crapes,  Camblets,  and  Serges,  besides 
other  Woollen  Cloathes,  the  Manufacture  of  all 
which  daily  improves :  And  in  most  parts  of  the 
Countrey  there  are  many  Curious  and  Spacious 
Buildings,  which  several  of  the  Gentry  have 
erected  for  their  Country -Houses.  As  for  the 
Fruit-Trees  they  Plant,  they  arrive  at  such  Per- 
fection, that  they  bear  in  a  little  more  than  half 
the  time  that  they  commonly  do  in  England. 

The  Christian  Children  born  here  are  generally 
well-favoured,  and  Beautiful  to  behold;  I  never 
knew  any  come  into  the  World  with  the  least 
blemish  on  any  part  of  its  Body,  being  in  the 
general,  observ'd  to  be  better  Natur'd,  Milder,  and 
more  tender  Hearted  than  those  born  in  England. 

There  are  very  fine  and  delightful  Gardens  and 
Orchards,  in  most  parts  of  this  Countrey;  but 
Edward  Shippey  (who  lives  near  the  Capital  City) 

—  49  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

has  an  Orchard  and  Gardens  adjoyning  to  his 
Great  House  that  equalizes  (if  not  exceeds)  any  1 
have  ever  seen,  having  a  very  famous  and  pleas- 
ant Summer- House  erected  in  the  middle  of  his 
extraordinary  fine  and  large  Garden  abounding 
with  Tulips,  Pinks,  Carnations,  Roses,  (of  several 
sorts)  Lilies,  not  to  mention  those  that  grow  wild 
in  the  Fields. 

Reader,  what  1  have  here  written,  is  not  a  Fir- 
tion.  Flam,  Whim,  or  any  sinister  Design,  either  to 
impose  upon  the  Ignorant,  or  Credulous,  or  to 
curry  Favour  with  the  Rich  and  Mighty,  but  in 
meer  Pity  and  pure  Compassion  to  the  Numbers 
of  Poor  Labouring  Men,  Women,  and  Children  in 
England,  half  starv'd,  visible  in  their  meagre 
looks,  that  are  continually  wandering  up  and 
down  looking  for  Employment  without  finding 
any,  who  here  need  not  lie  idle  a  moment,  nor 
want  due  Encouragement  or  Reward  for  their 
Work,  much  less  Vagabond  or  Drone  it  about. 
Here  are  no  Beggars  to  be  seen  (it  is  a  Shame  and 
Disgrace  to  the  State  that  there  are  so  many  in 
Kngland)  nor  indeed  have  any  here  the  least  Occa- 
sion or  Temptation  to  take  up  that  Scandalous 
Lazy  Life. 

Jealousie  among  Men  is  here  very  rare,  and 
BaiTenness  among  Women  hardly  to  be  heard  of, 

—  50  — 


AND      WES    TNEW     JERSEY 

nor  are  old  Maids  to  be  met  with;  for  all  com- 
monly Marry  before  they  are  Twenty  Years  of 
Age,  and  seldom  any  young  Married  Woman  but 
hath  a  Child  in  her  Belly,  or  one  upon  her  Lap. 

What  I  have  deliver' d  concerning  this  Province^ 
is  indisputably  true,  I  was  an  Eye -Witness  to  it 
all,  for  I  went  in  the  first  Ship  that  was  bound 
from  England  for  that  Countrey,  since  it  received 
the  Name  of  Pensilvania,  which  was  in  the  Year 
1681.  The  Ship's  Name  was  the  John  and  Sarah 
of  London,  Henrif  Smith  Commander.  1  have 
declin'd  giving  any  Account  of  several  things 
which  I  have  only  heard  others  speak  of,  because 
I  did  not  see  them  my  self,  for  I  never  held  that 
way  infallible,  to  make  Reports  from  Hear-say.  I 
saw  the  first  Cellar  when  it  was  digging  for  the 
use  of  our  Govemour  Will.  Penn. 

I  shall  now  haste  to  a  Conclusion,  and  only  hint 
a  little  concerning  the  Natives  or  Aborigines,  their 
Persons,  Language,  Manners,  Religion  and  Govern- 
ment ;  Of  Person  they  are  ordinarily  Tall,  Straight, 
well-turn' d,  and  true  Proportion' d;  their  Tread 
strong  and  clever,  generally  walking  with  a  lofty 
Chin.  Of  Complexion  Black,  but  by  design, 
Gypsie-like,  greasing  themselves  with  Bears-Fat 
Clarified,  and  using  no  defence  against  the 
Injuries  of  the  Sun  and  Weather,  their  Skins  fail 

—  51  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

not  to  be  Swarthy.  Their  £'//f.s-  are  small  and 
black.  Thick  Lips  and  flat  Xosfs  so  frequent  with 
Negroes  and  E(isf  Indians,  are  rare  with  them. 
They  have  Comely  Faces  and  Tolerable  Complex- 
ions, some  of  their  Nosrs  having  a  rise  like  the 
Roman. 

"^rheir  Lanf/uage  is  Lofty  and  Elegant,  but  not 
Copious;  One  Word  serveth  in  the  stead  of  Three, 
imperfect  and  ungrammatical,  whi(;h  defects  are 
supply' d  by  the  Understanding  of  the  Hearers. 
Sueef,  of  Noh/e  Sound  and  Accent.  Take  here  a 
Specimen. 

Hodi  hifa  nee  huska  a  peechi,  nee,  machi 
Pensilvania  huska  dogwachi,  keshow  a  peechi 
Nowa,  huska  hayly,  Chetena  koon  peo. 

Thus  in  English. 

Farewel  Friend,  I  will  very  quickly  go  to 
Pensilvania,  very  cold  Moon  will  come  presently, 
And  very  great  hard  frosts  will  come  quickly. 

I  might  Treat  largely  of  their  Customs  and  Man- 
ners, but  that  will  not  agree  with  my  proposed 
Brevity. 

As  soon  as  their  Children  are  bom,  they  wash 
them  in  cold  Water,  especially  in  cold  Weather. 
To  harden  and  embolden  them,  they  plunge  them 

—  52  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

in  the  River;  they  find  their  Feet  early,  usually 
at  Nine  Months  they  can  go.  The  Boys  Fish  till 
Fifteen,  then  Hunt,  and  having  given  proof  of 
their  Manhood,  by  a  large  return  of  Skins,  they 
may  Marry  (else  'tis  ashame  to  think  of  a  Wife) 
which  is  usually  at  the  Age  of  Seventeen  or 
Eighteen ;  the  Girls  stay  with  their  Mothers,  and 
help  to  hoe  the  Ground,  Plant  Com,  bear  Bur- 
dens, and  Marry  about  Thirteen  or  Fourteen. 

J 
Their  Houses  are  Matts,  or  Barks  of  Trees  set  on 

Poles,  Barn -like,  not  higher  than  a  Man,  so  not 

expos' d  to  Winds.     They  lie  upon  Reeds  or  Grass 

In  Travel  they  lodge  in  the  Woods  about  a  great 

Fire,  with  the  Mantle  of  Duffils  they  wear  wrapt^ 

about  them,  and  a  few  Boughs  stuck  round  them. 

They  live  chiefly  on  Maze,  or  Indian  Corn  rosted 
in  the  Ashes,  sometimes  beaten  and  boyl'd  with 
Water,  called  Ho^nine.  They  have  Cakes,  not 
unpleasant ;  also  Beans  and  Pease,  which  Nourish 
much,  but  the  Woods  and  Rivers  afford  them 
their  Provision ;  they  eat  Morning  and  Evening ; 
their  Seats  and  Tables  are  the  Ground ;  they  are 
reserv'd,  apt  to  resent  and  retain  long:  Their 
Women  are  Chaste  (at  least  after  Marriage)  and 
when  with  Child,  will  not  admit  of  their  Hus- 
bands Embraces  any  more  till  Deliver' d.  Exceed- 
ing Liberal  and  Generous;   Kind   and  Affable; 

—  53  — 


THOMAS     S     PENNSYLVANIA 


uneasie  in  Sickness,  to  remedy  which,  they  drink 
a  Decoction  of  Roots  in  Spring- Water,  forbearing 
Flesh,  which  if  they  happen  to  eat,  it  must  be  the 
Female;  they  commonly  bury  their  Kettles  and 
part  of  their  Goods  with  their  Friends  when  they 
die,  suspecting  (poor  Soulsj  they  shall  make  use 
of  them  again  at  the  Resurrection.  They  Mourn 
a  whole  Year,  but  it  is  no  other  than  blacking 
their  Faces. 

Their  Government  is  Monarchical,  and  Suc- 
cessive, and  ever  of  the  Mothers  (the  surest)  side, 
to  prevent  a  Spurious  Issue.  The  Distaff  (as  in 
France  J  is  excluded  the  Regal  Inheritance.  Their 
Princes  are  Powerful,  yet  do  nothing  without  the 
Concurrence  of  their  Senate,  or  Councils,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  Old,  but  mixt  with  Young  Men; 
slow  and  deliberate,  {Spaniard-like)  in  resolving, 
naturally  wise,  and  hardly  to  be  out-witted. 
Their  Punishments  are  Pecuniary.  Murder  may 
be  aton'd  for  by  Feasts  and  Presents,  in  Propor- 
tion to  the  Quality  of  the  Offence,  Person,  or  Sex 
injur' d;  for  if  a  Woman  be  kill'd,  the  Mulct  is 
double,  because  she  brings  forth  Children.  They 
seldom  quarel,  when  Sober,  and  if  Boozy,  (which 
of  late  they  are  more  apt  to  be,  having  learn' d  to 
drink,  a  little  too  much  Rum  of  the  Christians,  to 
their  shame)  they  readily  pardon  it,  alledging  the 
Liquor  is  Criminal  not  the  Man. 

—  54  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

The  way  of  Worship  the  Stveeds  use  in  this 
Countrey,  is  the  Lutheran ;  the  English  have  four 
sorts  of  Assemblies  or  Religious  Meetings  here; 
as  first,  The  Church  of  England,  who  built  a  very 
fine  Church  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia  in  the 
Year  1695.  Secondly,  the  Anabaptists:  Thirdly, 
the  Presbyterians,  and  two  sorts  of  Quakers  (of  all 
the  most  numerous  by  much)  one  Party  held  with 
George  Keith ;  but  whether  both  Parties  will  joyn 
together  again  in  one  I  cannot  tell,  for  that  Gen- 
tleman hath  alter' d  his  Judgment  since  he  came 
to  England,  concerning  his  Church-Orders  in 
Pensilvania,  by  telling  and  shewing  them  Precepts 
that  were  lawful  in  the  time  of  the  Law,  but 
forbidden  under  the  Gospel  to  pay  Tithes,  or 
Ministers  to  Preach  for  Hire,  d^c.  As  also  to 
sprinkle  Infants;  and  he  tells  the  Presbyterian 
Minister,  That  he  must  go  to  the  Pope  of  Rome  for 
his  Call,  for  he  had  no  Scripture  for  it,  and  that 
Water-Baptism  and  the  Outward  Supper  are  not 
of  the  Nature  of  the  Everlasting  Gospel;  nor 
essential  Parts  of  it,  see  his  Truth  Advanced  page 
173.  He  gives  likewise  a  strict  Charge  concerning 
plain  Language  and  plain  Habit,  and  that  they 
should  not  be  concern' d  in  the  compelling  part  of 
the  Worldly  Government,  and  that  they  should 
set  their  Negroes  at  Liberty  after  some  reasonable 
time  of  Service;  likewise,  they  should  not  take 
the  Advantage  of  the  Law  against  one  another, 

—  55  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


as  to  procure  them  any  Corporeal  Punishment: 
These  Orders  he  tells  his  Followers,  would  make 
Distinction  between  them  and  Jew>i  and  Moral 
Heathens,  this  was  in  the  Year  1693.  in  Pensil- 
vania:  But  now  the  Year  1697.  since  he  came  to 
England,  his  Judgment  is  chang'd,  for  he  tells  his 
Disciples,  that  Water-Baptism  is  come  in  the 
room  of  Circumcision;  and  by  so  doing,  they 
would  distinguish  themselves  from  either  Jews, 
Pagans,  or  Moral  Heathens :  He  keeps  his  Meeting 
once  a  Week  at  Turners- Hall  in  Fill- Pot- Lane, 
London,  on  Sundays  in  the  Afternoon;  he  begins 
between  Two  and  Three  of  the  Clock  and  com- 
monly ends  between  Four  and  Five. 

Friendly  Reader,  by  this  thou  mayst  see  how 
wavering  and  mutable  Men  of  great  Outward 
Learning  are,  if  the  Truth  of  this  be  by  any  Body 
question' d,  let  them  look  in  the  Creed,  and  the 
Paper  against  Christians  being  concern\l  in  Worldly 
Government,  and  the  Paper  concerning  Negroes,  that 
was  given  forth  by  the  Appointment  of  the  Meet- 
ing held  by  George  Kf^lth  at  Philip  James's  House 
in  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  in  Pens  Urania;  and 
his  Letter  also  In  Mary-Land  against  the  Preshyterian 
Catechism,  Printed  at  Boston  in  New-England  in 
1695.  with  the  Answer  to  it  bound  up  together  in 
one  Book  and  in  T'ruth  Advanced,  page  1 73.  And 
for  what  relates  to  him  since  in  England,  let  them 

-56- 


AND      WEST     NEW    JERSEY 

look  into  the  Quakers  Argument  Refuted,  Concern- 
ing Water-Baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper,  page  70. 
And  now  Reader,  I  shall  take  my  leave  of  thee, 
recommending  thee  with  my  own  self  to  the 
Directions  of  the  Spirit  of  God  in  our  Conscience, 
and  that  will  agree  with  all  the  Holy  Scriptures 
in  its  right  place ;  and  when  we  find  our  selves  so, 
we  have  no  need  to  take  any  Thought  or  Care 
what  any  Body  shall  say  of  us. 


The  End  of  the  History  of 
Pensilvania. 


57  — 


,,- !  r-nnMTR^ 


Wejl-New-Jerfey 


I   N 


AMERICA. 

AihortView  of  their -jL^/tj,  Cujioms  znAj^atigion'-.A^ 
.-•Ifo  the  Jetr.peramejit  of  the  Jitr  zndftltmafe  i  The 
r.^tntfs  of  thcSci/,  v^iththe  vsft  Produce  of  /^"ce.  Sec. 
The  laiprovca-.cnt  of  their  Lands  (as  in  England)  tc 
[-(.jlur'e,  Jxkadotvs,  dec.  Their  making  great  qiiantf- 
{ic5  of  Fi>c/!;  and  Tjr^  as  a!fo  Tirrpcnttne^  which  pro- 
cetdi  from  the  Pme  Tr^^-f»  with  /^c^^n  ai  cicir  o« 
Gum-Arahid-    with   parfir-jfiir    R;  irirks    upon    their 

;  Towns.  F.J*rf  and  A/4-\;.j  v-witbthc  i^l-frat  Plenty  of 
0»/  ^na  rf-'-JiV  7j.  ■-•£'  n.ulc  trom  the  RicAt  nun.hrr  <;t 
j-/V;j:V.' ti-'ry  .'.  r. 'v  rik<- "  A*  jlfo  m;:.)'  otficr  Hutitj- 
b!e  nnd 


^.  CAHIUI  [.    THOMAS 


To  the  Right  Honourable  Sir  John  Moor,  Sir  Thomas 
Lane,  Knights  and  Aldermen  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, and  to  the  rest  of  the  Worthy  Members  of  the 
West-Jersey  Proprietors. 

Worthy  Friends, 

TO  whom  can  the  History  of  West- Jersey  with 
more  Justice  pertain,  than  to  you  the  Noble 
and  Generous  Proprietors. 

That  was  the  chief  Motive  that  inclin'd  me  to 
this  Dedication,  which  I  hope  will  be  the  more 
acceptable  to  you,  because  the  Account  of  that 
Country  is  so  Sincere  and  Candid. 

1  have  endeavour'd  (by  setting  forth)  the  great 
Encouragements  there  are)  to  persuade  the  Poor, 
the  Idle,  the  Lazy,  &  the  Vagabonds  of  these 
Kingdoms  and  of  Wales  to  hasten  thither,  that 
they  may  live  plentifully  and  happily,  and  I 
doubt  not  but  they  will  hearken  to  it,  because  it 
is  their  true  Interest.  I  have  done  my  best  endeav- 
ours to  possess  them  and  others  of  the  great 
Fertility  and  Plenty  in  those  Parts,  which  I  need 
not  repeat  to  you,  who  must  needs  be  well 
acquainted  with  the  State  of  that  Place.  That  it 
may  Flourish  and  mightily  tend  to  your  Advan- 
tage, as  also  to  the  Benefit  of  England,  the  hearty 
desire  of  your  Friend, 

Gabriel  Thomas. 

—  6i  — 


THE 
PREFACE 
TO  THE 

READER. 

Courteous  Reader, 

MY  Chief  Design  in  writing  this  short  Account  of 
West-New- Jersey,  is  to  inform  all  (hut  espe- 
cially the  Poor)  what  Ample  and  Happy  Livelihoods 
People  may  gain  in  those  Parts,  whereby  they  may 
subsist  very  ivell  without  either  Begging  or  Stealing, 
for  if  they  Steal,  they  are  Whipt,  and  obliged  to  pay 
Four  Fold;  and  if  they  are  not  of  Ability  to  do  that, 
they  must  abide  in  Servitude  till  they  have  made  Satis- 
faction to  the  injur'd  Person  :  And  if  they  should  be 
Lazy  and  turn  to  Beg,  they  will  get  nothing  by  that 
Base  and  Scandalous  Imployment;  But  if  they  be  so 
Poor  that  they  have  not  of  their  own  to  supply  their 
Wants  and  Necessities,  nor  are  able  to  Work,  they  will 
have  no  need  to  Beg,  for  People  out  of  their  own  free 
Compassion  and  pure  Charity  will  relieve  them  in  their 
Necessities.  Now  if  this  were  all,  {though  it  is  not)  it 
wou'd  be  a  sufficient  Encouragement  to  the  Idle,  the 
S loathful,  and  the  Vagabonds  of  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  to  hasten  thither,  where  besides  this,  they 
have  a  fair  prospect  of  gettitig  considerable  Estates,  at 
least  of  living  very  Plentifully  and  Happily,  which 

-63- 


THOMAS'S    PENNSYLVANIA 

Medium  of  Life  is  far  better  than  lingering  out  their 
Days  so  miserably  Poor  and  half  Starved;  or  Whip- 
ping, Burning,  and  Hanging  for  Villanies,  they  will 
have  little  Temptation,  nay  or  Inclination  to  perpe- 
trate here.  The  French  Refugees  or  Protestant 
People,  wou'd  soon  find  it  their  Interest  to  remove 
thither,  where  they  wou^d  lire  far  better  than  in  Ger- 
many, Holland,  Ireland  or  England.  Written  by 
one  who  earnestly  wisheth  thy  Well  fa  re  and  Pros- 
perity in  the  ways  of  the  Lordy  and  then  thou  canst  not 
do  amiss  in  this  World. 

Gab.  Thomas 


-64- 


THE 

HISTORY 

OF 

West-  New-yersey. 

W  Est- New- Jersey  lies  between  the  Latitude  of 
Forty,  and  Forty  two  Degrees ;  having 
the  Main  Sea  on  the  South,  East-Jersey  on  the 
North,  Hudson's  Bay  on  the  East,  and  Pensilvania 
on  the  West. 

The  first  Inhabitants  of  this  Countrey  were  the 
Indians,  being  supposed  to  be  part  of  the  Ten 
dispersed  Tribes  of  Israel ;  for  indeed  they  are  very 
like  the  Jews  in  their  Persons,  and  something  in 
their  Practices  and  Worship,  for  they  (as  the 
Pensilvanian  Indians)  observe  the  New  Moons  with 
great  Devotion,  and  Reverence:  And  their  first 
Fruits  they  offer,  with  their  Corn  and  Hunting- 
Game  they  get  in  the  whole  Year,  to  a  False  Deity 
or  Sham -God,  whom  they  must  please,  else  (as 
they  fancy)  many  Misfortunes  will  befal  them, 
and  great  Injuries  will  be  done  them.  When 
they  bury  their  Dead,  they  put  into  the  Ground 
with  them  some  House -Utensils,  and  some  Money, 
(as  Tokens  of  their  Love  and  Affection)  with  other 
Things,  expecting  they  shall  have  Occasion  for 

-65- 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

them  again  in  the  other  World.  And  if  a  Person 
of  Note  dies  very  far  from  the  Place  of  his  own 
Residence  they  will  carry  his  Bones  home  some 
considerable  time  after,  to  be  buried  there.  They 
are  also  very  curious,  nay,  even  nice  in  preserving 
and  repairing  the  Graves  of  their  Dead.  They  do 
not  love  to  be  asked  twice  their  Judgment  about 
one  Thing.  They  are  a  People  who  generally 
delight  much  in  Mirth,  and  are  very  studious  in 
observing  the  Vertues  of  Roots  and  Herbs,  by  which 
they  cure  themselves  of  many  Distempers  in  their 
Bodies,  both  internal  or  ex[t|emal.  They  will  not 
suffer  their  Beards  to  grow;  for  they  will  pluck 
the  Hair  oft  with  their  own  Fingers  as  soon  as 
they  can  get  hold  of  it,  holding  it  great  Deformity 
to  have  a  Beard.  They  are  very  loving  to  one 
another ;  for  if  three  or  four  of  them  come  into  a 
Christian's  House,  and  the  Master  of  it  happen  to 
give  one  of  them  Victuals,  and  none  to  the  rest, 
he  will  divide  it  into  equal  Shares  among  them : 
And  they  are  also  very  kind  and  civil  to  any  of 
the  Christians;  for  I  my  self  have  had  Victuals 
cut  by  them  in  their  Cabbins,  before  they  took  any 
for  themselves.  Their  chief  Imployment  is  in 
Hunting,  Fishing,  and  Fowling,  and  making 
Canows,  or  Indian  Boats  and  Bowls,  in  all  which 
Arts  they  are  very  dexterous  and  ingenious: 
Their  W omens  Business  chiefly  consists  in  plant- 
ing of  Indian  Corn,  and  pounding  it  to  Meal,  in 

—  66  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Mortars,  with  Pestils,  (as  we  beat  our  Spice)  and 
make  Bread,  and  dress  their  Victuals,  which  they 
perform  very  neatly  and  cleanlily.  They  also 
make  ImJkm  Matt;,  Ropes,  Hats,  and  Baskets,  (some 
of  curious  Workmanship)  of  their  Hemp,  which 
there  grows  wild,  and  Natural,  in  the  Woods,  in 
great  Plenty.  In  short,  the  Women  are  very 
ingenious  in  their  several  Imployments  as  well  as 
the  Men.  Their  young  Maids  are  naturally  very 
modest  and  shamefac'd:  And  their  young  Women 
when  newly  married,  are  very  nice  and  shy,  and 
will  not  suffer  the  Men  to  talk  of  any  immodest  or 
lascivious  Matters.  Their  Houses  are,  for  the 
most  part,  cover' d  with  Chesnutt  Bark,  but  very 
close,  and  warm,  insomuch  that  no  Rain  can  go 
through.  Their  Age  in  Computation  may  be 
compared  with  the  Christians.  Their  wearing 
Habit  is  commonly  Deer- Skins,  or  Duffles.  They 
don't  allow  of  mentioning  the  Name  of  a  Friend 
after  his  Death;  for  at  his  Decease,  they  make 
their  Face  black  all  over  with  black  Lead ;  and 
when  their  Affairs  go  well  with  them,  they  paint 
their  Faces  with  red  Lead,  it  being  a  Token  of 
their  Joy,  as  the  other  is  of  their  Grief.  They 
are  great  Observers  of  the  Weather  by  the  Moon. 
They  take  great  Delight  in  Cloaths  of  various 
Colours.  And  are  so  punctual  that  if  any  go  from 
their  first  Offer  or  Bargain  with  them,  it  will  be 
very  difficult  for  that  Party  to  get  any  Dealings 

-67- 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

with  them  any  more,  or  to  have  any  farther  Con- 
verse with  them ;  And  moreover  it  is  worthy  of 
Remark,  that  when  a  Company  of  them  are  got 
together,  they  never  interrupt  or  contradict  one 
another,  'till  two  of  them  have  made  an  end  of 
their  Discourse;  for  if  never  so  many  be  in  Com- 
pany only  two  must  discourse  at  a  time,  and  the 
rest  must  keep  Silence.  The  Euf/lisJi  and  they 
live  very  peaceably,  by  reason  the  English  satisfies 
them  for  their  Land. 

As  to  the  manner  of  their  Language,  it  is  high 
and  lofty,  with  a  Short  Sentence.  Their  way  of 
counting  is  by  Tens,  as  to  say  Two  Tens,  Three 
Tens,  Four  Tens,  Five  Tens,  Sc. 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  show  something  of  the 
manner  and  way  of  Discourse  that  happens 
between  them  and  the  Neighbouring  Christians 
that  use  to  deal  and  traffick  with  them,  or  when 
they  meet  one  another  in  the  Woods  accidentally, 
one  a  looking  for  his  Cattel,  and  the  other  a 
Hunting  the  Wild  Deer,  or  other  Game,  by  way 
of  Questions  and  Answers.  1  shall  put  the  Indian 
Tongue  on  one  side  of  the  Leaf,  and  the  English 
just  opposite.*    Their  Discourse  is  as  followeth. 

*  In  the  original  edition  two  English  sentences  have  no  Indian 
equivalents,  and  the  Indian  questions  and  answers  do  not  corre- 
spond to  their  translation.  In  this  reprint  the  vagary  has  been 
adjusted. 

—  68  — 


AND      WEST      NEW     JERSEY 


The  Indian  Tongue. 

Quest.       Hitah    tako- 
man  ? 

Anew. 
weekin. 

Quest. 


Andogowa  nee 


The  English  of  it. 

Quest.     Friend,    from 
whence  com'st? 
Answ.    Yonder. 


Tony     ando-        Quest.   Where  yonder? 


gowa  kee  weekin  ? 


Answ.     Ar  way  mouse. 


Quest.  Keco  kee  hatah 
kee  iceekin  ? 

Answ.  Nee  hatah  huska 
wees  youse  og  huska  die- 
tena  chase  og  huska  orlt 
chekenip. 

Quest.  Chingo  kee  heto 
nee  chase  og  youse  etka 
chekenip. 

Answ.  Hatopa  etka 
nisha  kishquicka. 

Quest.  Keco  kee  hata 
kee  iceekin  ? 

Answ.  Nee  hata  orit 
poonk     og     huska     horit 


Answ.    My  House. 

Quest.  Where  is  thy 
House? 

Answ.  Arwaymouse, 
which  is  the  Name  of 
an  Indian  Town. 

Quest.  What  hast  got 
in  thy  House? 

Answ.  I  have  very 
fat  Venison,  and  good 
strong  Skins,  with  very 
good  Turkeys. 

Quest.  When  wilt 
thou  bring  me  Skins 
and  Venison,  with  Tur- 
keys? 

Answ.  Tomorrow,  or 
two  days  hence. 

Quest.  What  hast  thou 
got  in  thy  House? 

Ansiv.  I  have  good 
Powder,  and  very  good 


-69- 


THOMAS'S     P  E  N  N  S   Y  L    V  A  N  T  A 


ha/oons     etka    neskev    or/ 
marchkec  ochqueon. 
(0  huskia  orit.J 
Quest.     Kee  fiamen  nt^- 
skec    kabay   oi)   murrhkec 
moos  etka  opeg  meg  is  ? 

Answ.  Mata  nanien 
megis  nee  namen  neskcc 
kabay  undoyica  tekany. 

Quest.  Ke('  namen 
marchkec  moos  iindogiva 
tekeny  ? 

Answ.     Mogy. 

Quest.  Kee  sfjim  og 
enychan  hatah  ? 

Answ.     Mogy. 

Quest.     Kacha  hainh  ? 

Answ.     Neo. 

Quest.  Benoingtid  etka 
squatid  ? 

Answ.  Nisha,  henoin- 
fid  og  ni^hii  squatid. 

Quest.  Tongtid  eny- 
chan hatah  ? 

Answ.     Mogy. 

Quest.    Etka  aroosise  ? 

Answ.     Neo  kishow. 


Shot,  with  red  and  blue 
Machcots. 

(Very  well.) 

Quest.  Did'st  thou 
see  black  Horses  and 
red  Cows,  with  white 
Sheep? 

Ansff.  I  saw  no  Sheep : 
1  did  see  black  Horses 
yonder  in  the  Woods  ^ 

Quest.  Did'st  see  red 
Cows  yonder  in  the 
Woods? 

Ansu-.     Yes. 

Quest.  Hast  thou  a 
Wife  and  Children? 

Ansu:     Yes. 

Quest.  How  many 
hast? 

Answ.     Four. 

Quest.     Boys  or  Girls? 

A  nsu\  Two  Boys  and 
two  Girls. 

Quest.  Hast  got  a 
young  Child? 

A  HSU-.     Yes. 

Quest.     How  old? 

Answ.     Four  months. 


—  70. 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Quest.     Etka    nroosise  Qued.     How    old    art 

kee?  thou? 

Answ.       Pelmaehsenc-  Answ.      Fifty      years 

kati  katingan  aroosis.  old. 

In  the  next  Place  I  shall  give  an  account  of 
their  way  in  counting  or  numbering ;  which  is  as 
followeth. 

The    Indian   Counting.  The  English  to  it. 

Kooty  nisha  nacha  neo  One,  Two,  Three, 
pelenach  Kootash  nishash  Four,  Five,  Six,  Seven, 
choesh  peskonk  telen.  Eight,  Nine,  Ten. 

Nishinchkan  nachinch-        Twenty,  Thirty,  For- 
tran neochinchkan   pelen-     ty.  Fifty,  dtc. 
chinchkan. 

The  Names  of  some  of  the  Indians. 

Anachkooting,  Bmsabenating,  Okonycan,  Potasko, 
Quindamen,  Lames,  Alpoongan,  Kohonk,  Hiton, 
Temeny. 

The  Dutch  and  Sweeds  inform  us  that  they  are 
greatly  decreased  in  number  to  what  they  were 
when  they  came  first  into  this  Country :  And  the 
Indians  themselves  say,  that  two  of  them  die  to 
every  one  Christian  that  comes  in  here.  Reader, 
1  shall  not  insist  any  farther  upon  this  Subject, 
because  what  is  deficient  or  short  here,  is  inserted 

—  71  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


already  in  the  preceding  Hintory  of  PeNsi/canla; 
for  the  Natives  both  of  that,  as  well  as  of  this 
Country,  speak  the  same  Language,  and  live  after 
the  same  manner;  for  my  chief  aim,  in  the  next 
place,  is  to  acquaint  thee  how,  and  after  what 
manner  the  Christians  live  there  And  1  hope  1 
have  pleased  thee  so  far,  as  it  may  prove  a  means 
to  encourage  me  to  give  a  larger  Description  here- 
after. 

The  next  who  came  there  were  the  Dutch  \ 
which  was  between  Forty  and  Fifty  Years  agoe, 
though  they  made  but  very  little  Improvement, 
only  built  Two  or  Three  Houses,  upon  an  Island 
(called  since  by  the  English)  Sfanes-J.s/and;  and  it 
remained  so,  till  about  the  Year  1675.  in  which 
King  CJidvlcs  the  Second  (or  the  Duke  of  York  (his 
Brother)  gave  the  Countrey  to  Edirard  Billim/,  in 
whose  time,  one  Major  Eenwick  went  thither,  with 
some  others,  and  built  a  pretty  Toirn,  and  call'd 
it  Salaw ;  and  in  a  few  Years  after  a  Ship  from 
London,  and  another  from  //////,  sail'd  thither 
with  more  People,  who  went  higher  up  into  the 
Countrey,  and  built  there  a  Town,  and  called  it 
Burlington,  which  is  now  the  chiefest  Town  in  that 
Countrey,  though  Salam  is  the  ancientest;  and  a 
^e  Market -Town  it  is,  having  several  Fairs  kept 
yearly  in  it;  likewise  well  furnished  with  good 
store  of  most  Necessaries  for  humane  Support,  as 

—  72  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Bread,  Beer,  Beef,  and  Pork\  as  also  Batter  and 
Cheese,  of  which  they  freight  several  Vessels,  and 
send  them  to  Barhadoes,  and  other  Islands. 

There  are  very  many  fine  stately  Brick-Houses 
built,  and  a  comrnodious  Dock  for  Vessels  to  come 
in  at,  and  they  claim  equal  Privilege  with  Burling- 
ton for  the  sake  of  Antiquity;  tho'  that  is  the 
principal  Place,  by  reason  that  the  late  Governor 
Cox,  who  bought  that  Countrey  of  Edward  Billing, 
encouraged  and  promoted  that  Town  chiefly,  in 
settling  his  Agents  and  Deputy -Governors  there, 
(the  same  Favours  are  continued  by  the  New-West- 
Jersey  Society,  who  now  manage  Matters  there) 
which  brings  their  Assemblies  and  chief  Courts 
to  be  kept  there ;  and,  by  that  means  it  is  become 
a  very  famous  Town,  having  a  great  many  stately 
Brick- Houses  in  it,  (as  I  said  before)  with  a  delicate 
great  Market- House,  where  they  keep  their  Market : 
It  hath  a  noble  and  spacious  Hall  over-head,  where 
their  Sessions  is  kept,  having  the  Prison  adjoining 
to  it. 

Likewise  in  the  said  Town  there  are  very  many 
fine  Wharfs  and  large  Timber- Yards,  Malt-Houses, 
Brew -Houses,  Bake- Houses ;  and  most  sorts  of 
Trades-Men,  (whose  Wages  are  upon  the  same 
Foot  with  the  Pensilvanians)  viz.  C loath-  Workers, 
who  make  very  good  Serges,  Druggets,  Crapes,  Cam- 

—  71  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 


blets,  (part  *S'/7/-  or  Worsted,  and  part  Camels  Hair) 
and  good  Plushes,  with  several  other  Woollen 
Cloathes,  besideR  Linnen. 

There  are  many  Fair  and  Great  Brick  Houses 
on  the  outside  of  the  Town  which  the  Gentry 
have  built  there  for  their  Countrey  Houses, 
besides  the  Great  and  Stately  Palace  of  J<thn  Tate- 
ham  Esq;  which  is  pleasantly  Situated  on  the 
North  side  of  the  Tovm,  having  a  very  fine  and 
delightful  Garden  and  Orchard  adjoyning  to  it, 
wherein  is  variety  of  Fruits,  Herbs,  and  Flowers', 
as  Hoses,  Tulips,  J  all/- Flowers,  Sun -Flowers  (that 
open  and  shut  as  the  Sun  Rises  and  Sets,  thence 
taking  their  Name)  Carnations,  and  many  more; 
besides  abundance  of  Medicinal  Roots  Herbs, 
Plants,  and  Flowers,  found  wild  in  the  Fields. 

There  are  kept  also  in  this  Famous  Town  sev- 
eral Fairs  every  Year;  and  as  for  Provisions,  viz. 
Bread,  Beer,  Beef,  Pork,  Cheese,  Butter,  and 
most  sorts  of  Fruit  here  is  great  Plenty  and  very 
Cheap ;  all  those  Commodities  are  to  be  bought 
every  Market- Day. 

A  Ship  of  Four  Hundred  Tuns  may  Sail  up  to 
this  Town  in  the  River  Delaware',  for  I  my  self 
have  been  on  Board  a  Ship  of  that  Burthen  there : 
And  several  fine  Ships  and  Vessels  (besides  Gov- 

—  74  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

emour  Coaj's  own  great  Ship)  have  been  built 
there. 

There  are  also  two  handsom  Bridges  to  come  in 
and  out  of  the  Town,  called  London  and  York- 
Bridges.  The  Town  stands  in  an  Island,  the  Tide 
flowing  quite  round  about  it.  There  are  Water- 
Men  who  constantly  Ply  their  Wherry  Boats  from 
that  Town  to  the  City  of  Philadelphia  in  Pensil- 
vania,  and  to  other  places.  Besides  there  is 
Glocester-  Toivn,  which  is  a  very  Fine  and  Pleasant 
Place,  being  well  stor'd  with  Summer  Fruits,  as 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Strawberries,  whither 
Young  People  come  from  Philadelphia  in  the 
Wherries  to  eat  Stra[w]berries  and  Cream,  within 
sight  of  which  City  it  is  sweetly  Situated,  being 
but  about  three  Miles  distance  from  thence. 

There  are  several  Meetings  of  Worship  in  this 
Country,  viz.  the  Presbyterians,  Quakers,  and  Ana- 
baptists: Their  Privilege  as  to  Matter  of  Latv,  is 
the  same  both  for  Plaintiff  and  Defendant,  as  in 
England. 

The  Air  is  very  Clear,  Sweet  and  Wholesom; 
in  the  depth  of  Winter  it  is  something  colder,  and 
as  much  hotter  in  the  heigh th  of  Summer  than  in 
England.  Commonly  (with  them)  the  Days  differ 
two  Houi's  in  length  from  ours  here.     The  longest 

—  75  — 


THOMAS'S     PENNSYLVANIA 

Day  in  Summer  is  shorter  by  two  Hours  than  the 
longest  Day  in  England,  and  the  shortest  Day 
longer  by  two  Hours  than  with  us  here. 

As  for  Corn,  they  have  Wheat,  Rye,  Pease,  Oates, 
Barley,  Rice,  &c.  in  vast  quantities:  Also  Indian- 
Corn,  Pease  and  Beans,  likewise  Enylish  Hemp  and 
Flax,  which  prospers  there  exceedingly.  Eating 
Roots,  Pumpkins,  Cashews,  Water-Melons,  Muskmel- 
lons.  Cucumbers,  Squashes,  Carrots,  Artichokes, 
Potatoes,  Turnips,  Gar  lick.  Onions,  and  Leeks  grow 
there  in  greater  Plenty  than  in  En[g]land.  And 
for  Herbs,  they  have  Cabbages,  Coleworts,  Savoys, 
Lettice,  Purslane,  and  other  Sallads  in  abun- 
dance; beside  Wild  Herbs  which  are  there  very 
commom  [sic],  as  Penny-Royal,  Mint,  Mustard, 
Sage,  Rue,  Tansey,  &c.  and  likewise  there  are 
choice  Phisical  Roots,  as  Sassafras,  Sarsaparilla, 
Black-Snake- Root,  Rattle- Snake  Root,  and  Poake- Root, 
with  divers  others,  which  there  is  great  store  of. 

Of  Fish,  they  have  Whales,  Sturgeon,  Cod,  Scale- 
Fish,  Cole  and  Hake-Fish,  large  Mackeril,  Flatfish, 
Rock,  Shadds,  Cattes,  Eels,  Perch,  and  many  other 
sorts  in  prodigious  Shoals:  And  Wild-Water- 
Fowl,  as  Geese,  Ducks,  Swans,  Divers,  &c.  are  very 
numerous,  even  beyond  all  expectation.  As  to 
Land -Fowl,  Turkeys,  Geese,  Pheasants,  Partridges, 
Pigeons,  Woodcocks,  Blackbirds,  &g.  they  are  there  in 

-76- 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

extraordinary  great  abundance,  and  very  large. 
There  is  also  that  uncommon  and  valuable  Bird 
(being  near  the  bigness  of  a  Cuckoo)  called  the 
Mocking-bird  (known,  but  not  very  well  in  England, 
being  so  very  Nice  and  Tender,  that  they  usually 
die  by  the  way)  with  several  other  Charming  and 
Curious  Birds,  too  tedious  here  to  specific. 

As  to  the  Wild  Vermin,  There  are  Otters,  Beavers, 
Foxes,  Mush- Eats  Minxes,  Wild- Cats,  Rackoons,  Poll- 
cats,  and  also  that  cunning  Creature  the  Possom, 
particularly  mention' d  and  distinguish' d  in  the 
annex' d  Account  of  Pensilvania  for  its  remarkable 
Qualities,  whither  I  refer  the  Reader,  not  in  the 
least  being  fond  of  Tautology.  This  Creature  is 
about  the  bigness  of  an  English  Cat,  being  of  a 
light  gray  colour.  Likewise  there  were  some 
Wolves  and  Bears,  but  now  they  are  very  rare  to 
be  seen,  by  reason  the  Indians  destroy  them  (as 
before).  Also  that  strange  Creature  the  Flying 
Squirril,  mention' d  in  the  foregoing  Book.  There 
are  great  numbers  of  Wild  Deer,  and  Red  Deer  also ; 
and  these  wild  Creatures  are  free  and  common  for 
any  to  kill  and  take.  And  for  Wild  Fruits,  there 
are  Chesnuts,  Filberts,  Hickery-Nuts,  Grapes,  Mul- 
berries, Strawberries,  Rasberries,  Huckleberries,  and 
Craneberries,  with  several  sorts  of  Plumbs,  and  all 
those  Fruits  in  great  plenty  being  free  for  any 
Body  to  gather. 

—  77  — 


THOMAS'S      PENNSYLVANIA 


Now  I  am  a  coming  to  the  Planted  Fruit-Trees, 

as  Apples,  Pears,  Aprimcks,  Quinces,  Plunths,  Cher- 
ries, Gooseberries,  Cnrntnfs,  and  Prar/tes,  from 
which  last  they  distil  a  liquor  as  in  PfHsihmtiia, 
much  like  Pminn  or  Hnntdi/,  in  the  taste;  and  all 
those  Trees  will  (-ome  to  bear  in  a  little  more  than 
half  the  time,  they  do  in  EiKihtnd,  the  Soil  is  so 
rich ;  they  have  great  plenty  of  the  aforementioned 
Fruits,  which  are  exceeding  delicious.  These,  as 
also  many  other  Fruits  that  come  not  to  any  pitch 
of  Perfection  in  Kn(jl(iti<l,  are  the  Natural  Product 
of  this  Country,  which  lies  warmer,  being  more 
befriended  by  the  Sun's  hot  and  glorious  Beams, 
which  without  doubt  is  the  chief  Cause  and  true 
Reason,  why  the  Fruit  there  so  far  excells  the 
Enf/lish.  They  have  likewise  great  8to(;ks  of 
Horses  and  Hoys,  raised  in  the  Woods;  of  the 
latter  of  which  I  have  seen  some  of  a  Prodigious 
Weight  that  only  fed  there,  their  Horses  are  very 
hardy,  strong,  and  of  good  Spirit  for  Labour  or 
Travelling;  they  commonly  go  unshod  (which  in 
many  Years  saves  much  Money).  Their  Plow- 
shears  require  but  small  Reparation,  wearing  out 
but  little.  They  Hnrrou:  their  Ground  with  a 
Wooden-tyned  Harrow,  and  twice  over  does  the 
business. 

Of  Beeji  also  they  are  well  provided,  &  abound 
in  Sheep  naturally  very  sound,   and  that  stand 

-78  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

well,  the  Rot,  Scab,  Maggots,  ih-.  rarely  invading 
them ;  they  usually  bring  forth  two  Lambs  at  once, 
and  their  WooU  is  very  fine,  white,  and  thick; 
they  have  great  Stocks  of  Cattle,  as  Cows,  Oxen, 
&c.     Their  Oxen  commonly  weigh  well. 

Tame  Fowl  there  are  (almost)  incredible  in  num- 
bers, viz.  Geese,  Turkeys,  Hens,  &c. 

In  this  Country  also  is  great  Plenty  of  working 

Timber,  as  Oaks,  Ash,  Chesnuts,  Pine,  Cedar,  Wal- 
nut, Poplar,  Firr,  and  Masts  for  Ships,  with  Pitch 
and  Rosin,  of  great  Use  and  much  Benefit  to  the 
Countrey.  Here  are  several  good  Navigable  Rivers, 
besides  that  famous  River  Delaware  (which  1  have 
mentioned  elsewhere,  and  where  the  Tobacco  is 
excellent)  being  deep  enough  for  Vessels  to  come 
in:  First  Prince  Mori se'^  River,  where  the  S weeds 
used  to  kill  the  Geese  in  great  numbers,  for  their 
Feathers  (only)  leaving  their  Carcasses  behind 
them;  Cohansey  River,  by  which  they  send  great 
store  of  Cedar  to  Philadelphia -City',  Alia  way -River; 
Salam-River,  which  runs  by  Salam-Totvn  (of  great- 
est Antiquity;)  Naman- River,  Rackcoon- River,  which 
had  its  Name  from  the  great  numbers  of  those 
Creatures  that  always  abound  thereabouts;  Old 
Man's  River;  Manto- River;  Woodberry -River;  Great 
Egyharbor  River  (up  which  a  Ship  of  two  or  three 
hundred  Tuns  may  sail)  which  runs  by  the  back 

—  79  — 


THOMAS'S     P  E  N  N  S   Y  L   V  A  N  I  A 


part  of  the  Country  into  the  Main  Sea;  I  call  it 
back,  because  the  first  Improvement  made  by  the 
Christians,  was  Del  a  war  Biiwr-side:  This  Place  is 
noted  for  good  store  of  Com,  Horses,  Cows,  Sheep, 
Hoys,  &c.  the  Lands  thereabouts  being  much 
improv'd,  and  built  upon :  Liff/e  Egfi- Harbor -Creek, 
which  take  their  N  ames  from  the  great  abundance 
of  Eggs,  which  the  Swans,  Geese,  Dneks,  and  other 
loild  Fowls  on  those  Rivers  lay  thereabouts:  Tim- 
ber-River, alias  Glocesfer-^\we.Y,  which  hath  its 
Name  (also)  from  the  great  quantity  of  curious 
Timber,  which  they  send  in  great  Floats  to  Fhila- 
delphia,  a  City  in  Pensilrania,  as  (kiks.  Pines, 
Chesnut,  Ash,  and  Cedars.  This  River  runs  down 
by  Gloeester-Town,  which  is  the  Shire-Town;  And 
Newton- River,  that  runs  by  Newton;  Cooper- River; 
Pensokin-River;  Northampton -River,  with  several 
others,  at  a  convenient  distance  upon  the  Sea,  the 
Shores  whereof  are  generally  deep  and  bold)  of 
less  Note,  as  V\'issahiskonk-River,  that  runs  down 
into  the  great  River  De/aware,  by  Burfinf/ton.  The 
Countrey  inhabited  by  the  Christians  is  divided 
into  four  Parts  or  Counties,  tho'  the  Tenth  part 
of  it  is  not  yet  peopled;  'Tis  far  cheaper  living 
there  for  Eatables  than  here  in  hhujland;  and 
either  Men  or  Women  that  have  a  Trade,  or 
are  Labourers,  can,  if  industrious,  get  near 
three  times  the  Wages  they  commonly  earn  in 
England. 

—  80  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

Courteous  Reader,  As  yet  I  have  given  thee  no 
Account  of  East- Jersey,  because  I  never  was  there, 
so  in  reality  cannot  properly  or  pertinently  speak 
to  that  Matter.  I  will  not  pretend  to  impose  any 
thing  on  the  World,  but  have  all  along,  and  shall 
still  declare  nothing  but  Verity;  therefore  one 
Word  of  that  by  and  by.  I  might  have  given 
thee  a  much  larger  Account  of  this  Countrey,  and 
have  stretch' d  this  (now)  Pocket  Volume  to  an 
extraordinary  Bulk  and  Size;  and  yet  without 
straining  or  deviating  in  the  least  from  the  Prin- 
ciples of  my  Profession,  which  are  Truth  it  self. 
I  have  no  Plot  in  my  Pate,  or  deep  Design,  no, 
not  the  least  expectation  of  gaining  any  thing  by 
them  that  go  thither,  or  losing  by  those  who  stay 
here.  My  End  chiefly  in  Writing,  nay,  indeed 
my  great  Aim,  is  to  inform  the  People  of  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  general,  but  particularly  the  Poor, 
who  are  begging,  or  near  it,  or  starving,  or  hard 
by  it  (as  I  before  took  notice  in  my  Preface)  to 
encourage  them  (for  their  own  Good,  and  for  the 
Honour  and  Benefit  of  their  Native  Countrey,  to 
whom  they  are  now  a  Scandal  and  Disgrace ;  and 
whose  Milk  and  Honey  these  Drones  eat  up,  and 
are  besides  a  heavy  Burden  to  the  Common- 
wealth, in  the  Taxes  paid  by  every  Parish  in  Eng- 
land, &c.  to  support  them. 

Law -Causes  are  here  (as  in  Pensilvania)  speedily 

—  8i  — 


THOMAS'S      P  E  N  N  S   Y  L    V  A  N  I  A 


determined,  in  the  sec^ond  Court  at  least,  unless  in 
some  difficult  Business.  One  Justice  of  the  Peace 
hath  Power  to  try  a  Cause,  and  give  Judgment 
therein,  if  the  Original  Debt  be  under  forty  Shil- 
lings. And  for  Thieves  and  Robbers  (as  I  hinted 
before  in  the  Preface)  they  must  restore  fourfold; 
which,  if  they  are  not  able  to  do,  they  must  work 
hard  till  the  injured  Person  is  satisfied. 

I  shall  conclude  with  a  Word  or  two  on  Netv- 
East-Jprset/.  This  Countrey  is  exceeding  fruitful 
in  Cuffpl,  of  which  I  have  seen  great  numbers 
brought  from  thence,  viz.  Oxen,  Cows,  Sheep,  Hoga, 
and  Horses,  to  Phihidelphia,  the  Capital  of  Pensil- 
con  id.  The  chief  est  Manufactory  (besides  English 
and  Indian  Grain)  fit  for  Tratfick  that  this  Coun- 
trey affords. 

Now  1  shall  give  thee  an  Account  of  the  English 
Manufactory,  that  each  County  in  West-New- 
Jersey  affords.  In  the  first  Place  I  shall  begin 
with  Bio'lington-Counfg,  as  for  Pelf  age,  or  Beavers 
Skins,  Offer- Skins,  Minks  Skins,  Musk-rats  Skins, 
Rarkroon,  Wild  Cats,  Martin,  and  Deer- Skins,  &c. 
The  Trade  in  (rlocesfer-Conntg  consists  chiefly  in 
Pitch,  Tar,  and  Posin ;  the  latter  of  which  is  made 
by  Robert  Styles,  an  excellent  Artist  in  that  sort 
of  Work,  for  he  delivers  it  as  clear  as  any  Crurn- 
Arabick.    The    Commerce  carried   on   in   Salam- 

—  82  — 


AND      WEST     NEW     JERSEY 

County,  is  chiefly  Rice,  of  which  they  have  won- 
derful Produce  every  Year ;  as  also  of  Cranberries 
which  grow  there  in  great  plenty,  and  which  in 
Picle  might  be  brought  to  Europe.  The  Commodi- 
ties of  Capmaif-CouHtij,  are  Oyl  and  Whale- Bone, 
of  which  they  make  prodigious,  nay  vast  quan- 
tities every  Year,  having  mightily  advanc'd  that 
great  Fishery,  taking  great  numbers  of  Whales 
yearly.  This  Country  for  the  general  part  of  it, 
is  extraordinary  good,  and  proper  for  the  raising 
of  all  sorts  of  Cattel,  very  plentiful  here,  as  Cows, 
Horses,  Sheep,  and  Hogs,  dr.  likewise  it  is  well 
Stor'd  with  several  sorts  of  Fruits  which  make 
very  good  and  pleasant  Liquors,  snch  [sic]  as  their 
Neighbouring  Country  before  mention' d  affords. 
Now  Reader,  having  no  more  to  add  of  any  mo- 
ment or  importance,  1  salute  thee  in  Christ; 
and  whether  thou  stayest  in  England,  Scotland, 
Ireland,  or  Wales,  or  goest  to  Pensilvania,  West  or 
East-Jersey,  1  wish  thee  all  Health  and  Happiness 
in  this,  and  Everlasting  Comfort  (in  God)  in  the 
World  to  come.     Fare  thee  well. 


FINIS. 


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